tion of mankind, the same attitude to the Church and to positive Christianity, so different from the attitude of the English Puritan and Scottish Covenanters—but in Russia, as in France, the impulse has come from abroad. The Anglomania of the French thinkers is paralleled by the Cosmopolitanism of the Russian writers. Whilst Russian imaginative literature is supremely original, political literature is almost entirely borrowed from the West. The great Slavophile writers, Samarine, Aksakov, Chomiakov, Danilevski, have found little hearing. Even Tolstoy was repudiated since he expressed his disbelief in Western Parliamentary Institutions. The only doctrines that find favour are imported from England, France, and especially Germany. The present political philosophy in Russia is an olla podrida, a discordant pot pourri of Spencer, Buckle, Rousseau, Proudhon, Feuerbach, Marx, and Nietzsche. The destructive thought of the whole world is made tributary to the Russian revolution.
(e) In both countries the revolution finds its chief supporters in the upper classes. Mirabeau, La Rochefoucauld, La Fayette, Lameth, Noailles, the Duke of Orleans, have found their
