principle as in Hindūstānī, namely, that i or y expresses near relation, and u or w expresses remote relation.
این īn, "this," and آن ān, "that," make ایشان īshān and اوشان uūshānhan in the plural for rational beings: but they sometimes form the plural quite regularly, as اینان īnān and انان ānān for rational, and اینها īnhā and آنها ānhā for irrational beings.
Note.— ب "to" or "by" takes an euphonic d before these pronouns; as تدين badīn = بااین ba+in, "to this," درآن badān = با آن ba+ān, "to that."
The plural forms are not required for nouns which merely qualify a plural noun, since the plural termination of the noun sufficiently explains it; as مردان خوب mardān i khūb, "good men."
Affixed Pronouns.
The pronouns sometimes take an affixed form, as follows:
| ـَم | am, | abbreviated from | من | man, | "me or mine." |
| ت | at, | ”” | تو | tū, | "thou or thine." |
| ش | ash, | "him or his." |
A ش seems to have once belonged to the pronouns, as we may see from the plurals اوشان ūshān, شما shǔmā, et.
These affixes are only used of rational beings, and have the usual plural termination in ان ān, though the final nasal n is dispensed in the first person; thus,
| ما | mā, "us or our." |
| تان | itān, "you or yours." |
| شان | shān, "them or theirs." |
