Page:Squaring the circle a history of the problem (IA squaringcirclehi00hobsuoft).djvu/21

that it entirely leaves out of account the fundamental distinction between the two aspects of Geometry to which allusion has been made above. The compass and the straight-edge are physical objects by the use of which other objects can be constructed, viz. circles of small thickness, and lines which are approximately straight and very thin, made of ink or other material. Such instruments can clearly have no direct relation to theoretical Geometry, in which circles and straight lines are ideal objects possessing in absolute precision properties that are only approximately realized in the circles and straight lines that can be constructed by compasses and rulers. In theoretical Geometry, a restriction to the use of rulers and compasses, or of other instruments, must be replaced by corresponding postulations as to the allowable modes of determination of geometrical objects. We will see what these postulations really are in the case of Euclidean Geometry. Every Euclidean problem of construction, or as it would be preferable to say, every problem of determination, really consists in the determination of one or more points which shall satisfy prescribed conditions. We have here to consider the fundamental modes in which, when a number of points are regarded as given, or already determined, a new point is allowed to be determined.

Two of the fundamental postulations of Euclidean Geometry are that, having given two points $A$ and $B$, then (1) a unique straight line $(A,B)$ (the whole straight line, and not merely the segment between $A$ and $B$) is determined such that $A$ and $B$ are incident on it, and (2) that a unique circle $A(B)$, of which $A$ is centre and on which $B$ is incident, is determined. The determinancy or assumption of existence of such straight lines and circles is in theoretical Geometry sufficient for the purposes of the subject. When we know that these objects, having known properties, exist, we may reason about them and employ them for the purposes of our further procedure; and that is sufficient for our purpose. The notion of drawing or constructing them by means of a straight-edge or compass has no relevance to abstract Geometry, but is borrowed from the language of practical Geometry.

A new point is determined in Euclidean Geometry exclusively in one of the three following ways:

Having given four points $A,B,C,D,$ not all incident on the same straight line, then

(1) Whenever a point $P$ exists which is incident both on $(A,B)$ and on $(C,D)$, that point is regarded as determinate.