952 RUSSIA
The gi-owth of the cotton industry is best seen from the following
Years
Spinning
Weaving
Printing and Dyeing
Finishing
Total
1880 1885 1893
Roubles
74,100,000
97,400,000
135 274,000
Roubles
99,700,000
98,000,000
160,935,000
Roubles 61,100,000 59,500,000 98,869,000
Roubles 5,500,000 3,300,000 3,122,000
Roubles 240,400,000 258,200,000 398,196,000
In 1889 the textile industries of Russia and Poland had 3,799,416 spindles and 191,290 looms. They were concentrated chiefly in the two governments of Moscow and Vladimir (yearly production 131,150,000 roubles, and more than one-half of the total cotton industry of Russia), Piotrkov in Poland (38,818,000 roubles), St. Petersburg (23,610,000 roubles), Kostroma and Esthonia (about 14,000,000 roubles each). The cotton industry proper is valued at 384,000,000 roubles per year.
The production of spirits in 1895-6 was 82,216,000 gallons of pure alcohol ; in 1896-97, 79,300,000 gallons. There were in 1897, 2,037 distilleries. There were (1893) 1,233 beer breweries and 528 meathe breweries. The former produced 87,282,100 gallons, while the production of the latter is quite insignificant.
Since the year 1894 the Crown undertook itself the retail selling of spirits, which is now introduced in 25 provinces.
There were 238 sugar works in Russia in 1898, and 992,980 acres were under beetroot. In 1896-97 the output of refined sugar was 636 890 tons.
Only g-J^ part of all corn exported from Russia during the last 4 years was exported in the shape of flour. There were in Russia and Poland, in 1895, 3,854 flour mills, each yielding more than 670 cwt. of flour per year. Their total })roduction was 35,100 tons per diem. There were 979 steam mills producing 1,076,000 tons of flour, and 4,020 water mills, 1,209,000 tons. Most of the latter have steam motors in reserve. Out of the above, 497 mills (1,000,000 tons) used rollers for grinding.
Commerce.
Tho following table gives the average yearly imports and exports of Russia for 1886-90, and for each of the years 1891 to 1897, in her trade with Europe, Asia, and Finland (bullion not included, nor the external trade of Finland) : —
Years
Exports
Imports
Paper roubles
Paper roubles
1886-90
675,200,000
415,100,000
1891
721,600,000
379,300,000
1892
489,409,718
403,879,940
1893
613,732,409
463,546,017
1894
668,752,915
559.571,718
1895
689,082,263
538,508,423
1891-95
628,000,000
469,000,000
1896
689,572,236
589,810,343
18971
704,222,000
508,5] 6,000
J European frontier and trade wjth Fijiland,
