SHIPPING AXD NAVIGATION
959
different countries of Europe (according to Russian statistics) appear as follows in 1,000 ponds (1 pond = 0-32244 cwt) :—
Exports to (1897)
Wheat
Rye
Barley Oats
Great Britain ; . . .
Holland
France . . , . Germany ..... Austria Hungary .... Belgium .....
45,232 41,996 33,717 16,812 8,834 8,716
6,838 18,697
22,468 3,999
20,785
13,575
6,386
16,941
1,715
5,104
15,411
11,781
2.107
9,370
926
2,108
Total (including other countries) .
213,263
73,559
89,411
43,616
According to the Central Statistical Committee — the total crops of European Russia, Poland, and North Caucasia being taken into account, and the seeds as well as the exports being deduced therefrom — the following quantities remain for annual home consumption, in E. lbs. per head of population : —
Wheat . Rye .
Oats Barley
1892-31
1893-4
E. lbs. 69-3
258-5
E. lbs. 120-6 312-0
327-8
100-4 48-1
432-6
149-8 77-6
1894-5
E. lbs.
88-1
351-0
439-0
155-2 46-9
1 Bad crops year.
The exports from Russian Turkestan, via Bukhara and Khiva (Trans- caspian railway) attained, in 1894, 13,600,000 roubles, chiefly raw cotton (12,324,000 roubles) ; and the imports, 13,062,000 roubles, chiefly grain, cottons, dry fruit and wool, naphtha, sugar, and manufactured goods.
The Imports from China, rid Kiakhta, were in 1897, 19,264,907 roubles, out of which tea, 15,472, 623 roubles.
The chief Russian fair is that of Nijni Novgorod. The value of the goods brought to the fair in 1896 was 17,655,757^., being 1,458,576Z. below that of 1895. The .sales amounted to 15,333,840/., or 1,508,000Z. less than in 1895. Including orders for the fair of 1896 and banking operations, the transactions reached about 35,000,000?. The principal articles sold were: cotton.s, 5,100,000?.; woollen cloth, 680,000/.; flax goods, 169,000/. ; wool, horsehair, &c., 400.200/. ; furs, 400,000/. ; leather and hides, 585,000/. ; iron, about 2,000,000/. ; tea, 1,269,000/. ; raw cotton from Turkestan and Persia, 393,250/.*
Shipping and Navigation.
On January 1 , 1 898, the registered mercantile marine of Russia consisted of 391 steamers, of 116,593 tons register, and 1,755 .sailing vessels, of 155,430 tons
