INSTRUCTION — JUSTICE AND CRIME
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The following are the statistics of the various classes of educational insti- tutions for 1896 :—
—
Schools
Teachers
Pupils
Infant schools .....
671
914
32,419
Primary schools .....
4,396
9,664
470,677
Secondary schools ....
484
1,293
33,451
Middle schools (preparatoiy)
32
759
9,284
Middle schools (not preparatory)
46
304
5,177
Normal schools (public and private) .
38
411
2,453
Professional and industrial schools
212
—
—
There were also improvement schools for recruits with 71,069 pupils, private schools with 14,393, schools for girls with 3,887, gymnasia with 7,611, and higher schools with 5,662 pupils. At industrial schools in 1896 there were 4,244 pupils; at trade schools, 1,038; at agricultural, 508; at technical, 1,446 ; at veterinary, 96. The expenditure on instruction in 1896 was: by the State, 18,925,875 francs; by the communes, 21,655,274 francs; total, 40,591,149 francs.
There are five universities in Switzerland. Basel has a university, founded in 1460, and since 1832 universities have been established in Bern, Ziirich, and Geneva (1878). The academy at Lausanne was formed into a university in 1891. These universities are organised on the model of those of Germany, governed by a rector and a senate, and divided into four ' faculties ' of theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, and medicine. There is a Polytechnic School, maintained by the Federal Government, at Ziirich, with 841 regular pupils in 1896-97, 356 being foreigners. There are also academies with faculties similar to those of the Universities at Fribourg and Neuchatel. The follow- ing table shows the number of matriculated students in the various branches of study in each of the five universities and in the academies of Fribourg and Neuchatel in 1897 : —
—
Tlieology
Law
Medicine
Philosophy
Total
Teacliiiig Start-
Basel Ziirich Bern Geneva .
Lausanne . Fribourg , Neuchatel
49 23 29 66 38 132 18
44
81
149
118
151
70
14
152 317 195 248 111
199 267 276 275 147 99 63
444 688 649 707 447 301 95
85 99 88 79 47
33
355
627
1,023
1,326
3,331
431
Of the total> 1,526 students were foreigners. These numbers are exclusive of 542 'listeners.'
Justice and Crime.
The 'Bundes-Gericht,' or Federal Tribunal, which sits at Lausanne, con» sists of 14 members, with 9 supplementary judges, appointed by the Federal Assembly for six years, the President and V'ice- President, as such for two years. The President has a salary of 13,000 francs a year, and the other members 12,000 francs. Tlie Tribunal has two sections, to each of which is assigned the trial of suits in accordance with regulations framed by
