often tolerates eccentricity. The city, on the contrary, rewards it. Neither the criminal, the defective, nor the genius has the same opportunity to develop his innate disposition in a small town, that he invariably finds in a great city.
Fifty years ago every village had one or two eccentric characters who were treated ordinarily with a benevolent toleration, but who were regarded meanwhile as impracticable and queer. These exceptional individuals lived an isolated existence, cut off by their very eccentricities, whether of genius or of defect, from genuinely intimate intercourse with their fellows. If they had the making of criminals, the restraints and inhibitions of the small community rendered them harmless. If they had the stuff of genius in them, they remained sterile for lack of appreciation or opportunity. Mark Twain's story of Pudd'n Head Wilson is a description of one such obscure and unappreciated genius. It is not so true as it was that—
And waste its fragrance on the desert air.
Gray wrote the "Elegy in a Country Churchyard" before the existence of the modern city.
In the city many of these divergent types now find a milieu in which for good or for ill their dispositions and talents parturate and bear fruit.
In the investigation of those exceptional and temperamental types which the city has produced, we should seek to distinguish, as far as possible, between those abstract mental qualities upon which technical excellence is based and those more fundamental native characteristics which find expression in temperament. We may therefore ask:
To what extent are the moral qualities of individuals based on native character? To what extent are they conventionalized habits imposed upon by them or taken over by them from the group?
What are the native qualities and characteristics upon which the moral or immoral character accepted and conventionalized by the group are based?
What connection or what divorce appears to exist between mental and moral qualities in the groups and in the individuals composing them?
Are criminals as a rule of a lower order of intelligence than non-criminals? If so, what types of intelligence are associated with different
