6 ABAUZIT ABBAS MIRZA he became governor of Cuba, and defended Havana against the British. Thence trans- ferred to be governor of New Galicia, he was in 1804 appointed viceroy of Peru. On his journey thither he was captured by the Eng- lish, but escaped and reached Lima. His ad- ministration was successful, and for some time he checked the movement for independence in Peru, the Plata states, and Chili. On return- ing home, in 1816, he was greeted as a na- tional benefactor and made a marquis. 1BAUZIT, I iiiiiin, a French theologian and antiquary, born at Uzes, Nov. 11, 1679, died in Geneva, March 20, 1767. The revocation of the edict of Nantes banished his mother to Geneva while he was yet a boy, and her devo- tion to the reformed church incited the young Firmin to study theology and the exact sciences. At the age of 19, while travelling in Holland, he won the friendship of Bayle and Basnage. In England he became the friend of Newton, and was distinguished by William III. Voltaire and Rousseau spoke highly of his genius and wisdom. His writings include " An Essay on the Apocalypse," " Reflections on the Eucha- rist," and " The Mysteries of Religion." ABBADIE. I. Jacques, a French Protestant divine, born at Nay, in Bfiarn, in 1658, died in London, Oct. 6, 1727. After completing his studies at Sedan he went to Germany and Hol- land, and became pastor of the French church of Berlin. In 1690 he went to England, and, after preaching some time in London, was made dean of Killaloe in Ireland. He was a warm partisan of William III., and wrote a de- fence of the revolution and a history of the assassination plot. His most important works are : Traite de la divinite de Jesus Christ, and Traite de la verite de la religion chretienne. II. Antoine Thomson and Arnand Michel d', French explorers, brothers, born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1810 and 1815. Their father, a Frenchman temporarily residing in Dublin, returned with them to France in their early childhood. In 1835 Antoine explored Brazil on a mission from the academy of sciences, while Arnaud trav- elled in Algeria. The two brothers happening to meet at Alexandria in 1837, they set out on an exploring expedition to Abyssinia, which lasted till 1845, and afterward passed three years in the ( i alia country. A rumor of their death caused a third brother, Charles, to pro- ceed to that country, where he found them ; and in 1848 they returned to France. A joint work of the two brothers appeared in 1860-'63, under the title of Geodesie d'fithiopie. Many of their writings are contained in the Bulletin of the Paris geographical society, including Notes sur le haut Jieuve Blanc, published sep- arately in 1849. The English expedition to Abyssinia led Arnaud d'Abbadic to publish in 1868 Dome ans dans la Haute-fithiopie. The two brothers reside, when in France, at Ur- rugne, a village in the Basses-Pyrenees. ABBAS I., the Great, fifth shah of Persia of the dynasty of the Sofis, born in 1557, died Jan. 27, 1628. He succeeded to the throne on the murder of his two elder brothers in 1587. He conquered Gilan, Mazanderan, Khorassan, and a great part of Afghanistan ; and by the victory of Bassorah in 1605 over the Turks, and in many successive campaigns, he gained extensive accessions of territory all along the western frontier. Shah Abbas constructed the great highroad of Mazanderan, 300 miles long and 40 feet wide, of which parts still remain. He suppressed the Kurghis, a body similar to the Turkish janizaries; he fomented the sec- tarian differences of the Shiahs and the Sunnis, and reduced the dogmas of the Shiahs into the form of a creed. His fame extended to Europe, and ambassadors were sent to him from every court. He was not exempt from the vices of oriental despotism. Among other crimes, he put to death his eldest son, leaving his throne to his grandson, Sefy Mirza. ABBAS BEN ABD-EL-MOTTALIB, paternal uncle of Mohammed, born at Mecca in 566, died in 652. He was the progenitor of the Abbasside dynasty, but not known as such until an ad- venturer, requiring a title to his usurpations, traced his descent to him. He was only four years the senior of Mohammed, and was yet a pagan when the prophet commenced his reli- gious career, and long hesitated to espouse his nephew's cause. In, the battle at the well of Bedr Abbas fought against his nephew, and was taken prisoner. So soon, however, as Mohammed's career seemed prosperous, the uncle gave in his adhesion, and became one of the most zealous supporters of the new faith. His influence and mediation brought over the family of the Koreishites ; for when Moham- med, at the head of a powerful force, was about laying siege to Mecca, Abbas went for- ward, and not only demonstrated to Abu Sofian the inutility of resistance, but induced him to come to Mohammed's camp and to have a per- sonal interview, which ended in Abu Sofian's making the profession of faith on behalf of himself and his kinsmen. When Mecca sur- rendered to Mohammed, the holy well Zemzem was retained, in deference to Abbas, its keeper, though other pagan rites and superstitions were swept away. At the battle of Honei'n Abbas rallied the fugitives and recovered the fortune of the day. At Mohammed's funeral he was chief mourner. Caliph Omar, on occasion of a terrible drought, took his hand, and prayed to Allah by the virtues of Abbas to have pity on the perishing people. Caliph Othman also, when he met the patriarch, dismounted. ABBAS MIRZA, a Persian prince and warrior, born in 1783, died in 1833. He was the second and favorite son of Feth Ali, shah of Persia. He was the declared enemy of Russia, and commanded the armies of his father in the wars with that power in 1811-'13 and 1826-'8, but his campaigns proved unsuccessful. In 1829 the populace of Teheran murdered the Russian embassy, and Abbas Mirza voluntarily went to St. Petersburg to give satisfaction, but was dis-
