406 AMERICAN INDIANS The next year they routed St. Glair's array, killing nearly half of his men ; but they were reduced by Gen. Wayne in 1793. The war was renewed in 1811, when they were again defeated by Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe. In the war with England that followed, the In- dians aided the enemy and again ravaged the frontiers ; but Harrison defeated the combined forces on the Thames in 1813, killing Tecumseh, the head of the great Indian confederacy ; while in the south Jackson, in 1813 and 1814, humbled the Creeks at Tallushatchee, Talladega, and Tohopeka. In 1817 the Seminoles commenced hostilities, but were punished by Jackson, and Florida soon after became part of the United States territory. The next Indian trouble was that caused by the attempt of Georgia to dis- possess the Creeks and Cherokees, who, relying on the treaties made with the United States, appealed in vain to congress and the supreme court. Failing to obtain redress, they yielded and agreed to remove beyond the Mississippi in pursuance of a plan for collecting all the In- dians in one territory, to be theirs inviolably and for ever. Though treaties were signed in 1825, the removal was not completed till 1838. The Seminoles under Micanopy and Osceola refused to emigrate, and a war ensued in 1835 which lasted till 1842, and cost over $15,000,- 000. The Sacs and Foxes under Black Hawk gave trouble in 1832. Greater trouble was given by the Sioux or Dakotas, who from time to time attacked frontier settlements and had to be reduced. The Comanches and Apaches have been almost constantly committing depre- dations, often joined by other tribes. The Ore- gon tribes have several times been at war with the whites. The establishment of the Indian territory in 1833, the removal of the Choctaws and Creeks, and the settlement of the Qua- paws and other tribes there, were followed by the formation of other reservations, under state management in New York, and under the general government in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Mon- tana, Idaho, Dakota, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Oregon, and Washington territory. The civil war was ruinous to the tribes in the Indian territory. Geographically in the south, the confederate government took possession of it, and was sup- ported by many of the chiefs. Others attempt- ed to take part with the United States govern- ment. The result was disastrous in loss of life and property. In 1869 a board of Indian com- missioners was created to superintend the dis- bursement of appropriations, and inspect goods furnished to the Indians. The powers of this body have been from time to time increased, but some new measures were adopted which have not yet been tested by time, such as that of assigning certain districts exclusively to cer- tain missionary bodies, and the consequent con- founding of the duties of Indian agent and mis- sionary. The following is the return of the Indian population on reservations in 1871 : Sionx In Nebraska, Montana, and Dakota 42,998 Choctaws, Indian territory 15.000 Cherokees, Indian territory 14,682 Gros Ventres, Assiniboins, Cbeyennes, and Arapahoes, In Montana 18,990 Creeks, Indian territory 18,000 Utes in Nevada, Utah, and Colorado 12,720 Chippewas in Kansas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin 11,036 Chippewas and Ottawaa in Michigan and Indian ter- ritory 8,706 Navajos in New Mexico 8,234 Pueblos in New Mexico 7,688 Sho&honecs and Bannocks in Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon 7,687 California tribes 7,028 Six Nations, Iroquois, in New York, &c. 6.406 Kiowas, Comancnes, and Apaches 6.872 Oregon tribes 6.866 Crows In Montana 6,100 Chiekasaws in Indian territory 5,000 Plmas, Maricopas, Papagos, and Cocopas, in Arizona. . 4.081 Apaches in New Mexico 8.479 Arapahoes and Cheyennes in Indian territory 8.8; Dwamish, <fcc., in Washington territory *t.8 v 8 Osages in Indian territory 8.875 Colville, Spokanea, Okanagans, Washington territory. 8,849 Nez Perces in Idaho 2.607 Yakamas In Washington territory 2,700 Pawnees In Nebraska 2,864 Beminoles in Indian territory 2,800 Fend d'Oreilles, Flatheads, and Kootenays. in Montana 1,900 Pottawattamics, in Indian territory and Kansas 1,786 Blackfeet, including Bloods and Piegans 1,600 Menomonees in Wisconsin 1,848 Nesqually, Ac., in Washington territory 1,289 Wichitas, Caddoes, Ac., in Indian territory 1,218 Oniahas, Nebraska 9S4 Chehalis, Washington territory 900 Sklallains. Washington territory 825 Sacs and Foxes with lowas 768 Mohaves, Arizona 725 Kansas, in Kansas 627 Makah, Washington territory 550 Otocs and Missourians in Nebraska 450 Simkanes and C<turs d'A16ne, in Idaho 8(10 Kickapoos, Kansas 2516 Illinois and Mianiis. Indian territory .." I Quapaws, Indian territory 225 Stockbridges and Munsees, Wisconsin 220 Wyandots, Indian territory 169 Shawneea 73 Total 287,478 Besides the Indians thus on reservations, there are 60,000 in Alaska, and tribes not yet brought in, as the Apaches, Comanches, Lipans, and Kickapoos, with a few remnants of tribes in Maine, Georgia, &c. (2,000), and Florida (500), estimated at 53,000 more, making the total In- dian population of the Union about 350,000, according to the estimate of the Indian depart- ment in 1871. That the red race is steadily diminishing can scarcely be doubted. In 1829 the entire Indian population of the United States was estimated at 313,000 ; and though the annexation of Texas, New Mexico, and California brought in a large addition, the esti- mate of 400,000 made in 1850 was evidently too large. In 1 855 Mr. Schoolcraft's estimate, with all the data of the Indian department, was 850,000. In 1871 the commissioner esti- mated them, including 60,000 in Alaska, as still 350,000, showing an actual decrease of 60,000 in 16 years. Yet some of the civilized tribes have held their own. The Cherokees in 1822 numbered 11,000; 1825, 15,000; 1871, 14,682. The Chippewas and Ottawas in 1822 were 18,977; 1825,18,850; 1871,19,732. The Iroqnois in 1822, 4,000; 1825, 4,510; 1871, 4,958. The Chiekasaws in 1822, 3,625 ; 1871, 5,000. The Creeks and Choctaws in that
