ARMITAGE ARMOR 731 whole republic, now became involved in a re- ligious war. Another trouble arose in respect to the word avrddeog as applied to the Son of God, Arminius admitting its applicability in the sense of " one who is truly God," but not in the sense, which some maintained, of " one who is God of himself." Arminius was also charged with favoring the brief catechism pub- lished by the ministers of Gouda in 1607, which, it was alleged, would open the floodgates to all sorts of error. Arminius and his friend Jan Uytenbogaert, preacher at the Hague, called upon the states general in 1608 to con- vene a general synod, before which Arminius might defend himself. After a conference be- tween Arminius and Gomar before the supreme court the same year, the states general, advised by this tribunal, enjoined the parties to drop their dispute, and teach nothing against the creed or catechism. But the disputes went on. Oct. 30, 1608, Arminius made before the states at the Hague his famous declaration (Declaratio) of sentiments on 10 different points, viz. : predestination, the providence of God, the free will of men, the grace of God, the perseverance of the saints, the assurance of salvation, the perfection of believers in this life, the divinity of the Son of God, the justifi- cation of man before God, and the revision of the Dutch confession and the Heidelberg cate- chism. The states general as a body were now inclined to favor Arminius. Another conference in 1609 between Arminius and Gomar, aided by four other ministers on each side, was soon interrupted by the sickness of Arminius, who, exhausted in body and mind, and deeply wounded by evil reports, sank un- der a complication of fever and other diseases. He was an energetic and eloquent preacher, and personally attractive. Mosheim styles him " a man whom even his enemies commend for his ingenuity, acuteness, and piety." Many have been called Arminians whose views dif- fered widely from his, and many have been called Calvinists whose views agreed mainly with his. His works have been published in Latin (Jacdbi Arminii Opera JTieologica, 4to, Leyden, 1629), and translated into English by Nichols and Bagnall (3 vols. 8vo, Auburn, 1853). ARMITAGE, Edward, an English painter, born in London in 1817. He was a pupil of Paul Delaroche, whom he assisted in the decoration of the " Hemicycle " hi the school of fine arts at Paris. He first brought himself into notice in England as a competitor for prizes at the several exhibitions of cartoons and specimens of fresco painting at Westminster hall, Lon- don, in 1843-'5 ; and he subsequently executed several frescoes in the new houses of parlia- ment. He has produced many large and elab- orate historical works, and is one of the most prolific painters of the modern English school. His range of subjects embraces sacred and pro- fane history, allegory, and battle scenes. Some of his Scriptural pieces are conceived with originality, but he ia deficient as a colorist. ARMOR, a defensive covering for the head, body, and limbs, used as a protection in battle. Armor of some kind seems to have been used by almost every civilized and savage people, from the earliest historic times till the gradual improvement in firearms rendered it useless as a means of defence wherever thesewere employed. Even of late years body armor has been worn by cuirassiers in the armies of several nations of continental Europe, but it has proved worth- less as a protection against bullets from the present perfected small arms. In the most ancient times defensive armor was undoubtedly made of skins ; but history gives little accomnt of this, and the oldest complete and authentic records we possess speak of metal armor. From the earliest times of the Old Testament (a complete panoply being described in 1 Sam. xvii.) to the fall of the Roman empire, bronze or brass seems to have been the material used for helmets and body armor by all the princi- pal nations of antiquity, while their shields and bucklers were sometimes made of wood covered with leather or studded with brass, of bull's hide or of wickerwork covered with hide, as well as of solid bronze like their ar- mor and weapons ; for the ancients were long ignorant of the art of tempering steel, though they tempered bronze to a wonderful hard- ness. Even when the Romans, at an early date, introduced steel for weapons, their de- fensive armor remained of bronze ; and the same was the case with that of other nations. The armor of the Hellenic chiefs, as described by Homer, and, with slight modifications, that of the Greek warriors during all the period of their country's greatness, consisted of a crested hel- met which could be drawn down so as to partly Greek Armor. (From the Ornaments of an Etruscan Mirror.) cover the face ; a small breastplate, worn so low as to leave the whole clavicular region bare ; a plated waistband, from which hung a short kilt or petticoat of cloth or leather covered with narrow metallic plates; and greaves or
