4:24 BULIMUS BULL containing pictures of Russian life, "Rostav- leff," "Demetrius," and "Mazeppa." His " Russian Gil Bias " was published in English at Aberdeen in 1831, and his "Russia from a Historical, Statistical, Geographical, and Lit- erary Point of View," one of his most valuable works, has been translated into German. His Vospominaniya, or "Recollections" (6 vols., St. Petersburg, 1844-'9; German translation, 1859-'60), contains interesting reminiscences of his stirring life. BIXIMUS, a genus of land snails of the family helicida, largest and most numerous in the hu- mid regions of northern Brazil. The shell is oblong or turreted, with the longitudinal mar- Bulimus rosaceus. gins unequal, with or without a tooth. The B. rosaceus is generally found in the dry season adhering to the under surface of stones near the seashore, or to the leaves of a plant resembling the aloe, for which it has an unexplained pref- erence. In the wet season it burrows near the roots of this plant, and deposits its eggs about two inches below the surface of the ground. During the whole dry season it appears to be in a dormant state. The B. ovatus attains a length of six inches, and is exposed for sale in the mar- kets of Rio de Janeiro ; like other tropical spe- cies, it cements dead leaves together to conceal and protect its large, brittle, and bird-like eggs, which are an inch long. At least 30 fossil species are found in the eocene. The species of temperate regions are of small size. BI'LkLKY, Peter, an American clergyman, born at Woodhill, Bedfordshire, Eng., in 1583, died at Concord, Mass., March 9, 1659. He was educated at Cambridge, and succeeded to the living of his father in Woodhill, which he retained for 21 years. He was removed from this by Archbishop Laud for nonconformity, wherefore he left England for the new world in 1635, and with a few companions founded the settlement of Concord. He was the author of some Latin poems, which are contained in Cotton Mather's "History of New England," and of the " Gospel Covenant Opened " (Lon- don, 1646). BILL. See Ox. BULL, Papal (L. Lat. lulla, a seal), one of the forms in which the pope issues his ordinances. It differs from a brief in that the latter, though of equal authority, is issued with less solemnity. Briefs are sealed with red wax, stamped with the ring of the fisherman. The seal of a bull is of lead or gold, stamped on one side with the effigies of Saints Peter and Paul, and on the other with the name of the reigning pope, and attached to the document by strings. The two acts differ also by the subscription, salutation, and apostolic benediction, which are simpler in the brief; and by the date, which is taken from the modern calendar for briefs, and from the Roman calendar for bulls. Bulls are com- monly designated from the words with which they commence, as the bull In ccma Domini, which was formerly read publicly at Rome on Holy Thursday, and contains a general excom- munication against heretics and those contu- macious and disobedient to the holy see. Its publication was suspended by Clement XIV. in 1773. Among the bulls most celebrated in history are the Clericis laicos, given in 1296 by Boniface VIII., and which began his contest with Philip the Fair ; the Execrabilis, issued by Pius II. in 1460, to interdict appeals to fu- ture councils ; the Exsurge Domine, directed in 1520 by Leo X. against Luther, who burned it at Wittenberg ; the Cum occasione, by which Innocent X. condemned the five propositions of Jansenius, in 1653; the Unigenitus, issued by Clement XI. in 1713, against the "Moral Reflections" of Quesnel; the Post diurnat, by which Pius VII. in 1800 established a new ju- diciary order in the states of the church ; the Ineflabil'u Dem, by which Pius IX. in 1854 denned the dogma of the immaculate concep- tion ; and the JEterni Patris, June 29, 1868, by which he convoked the oecumenical council of 1869-'70, which defined and affirmed the doc- trine of papal infallibility. Bullce dimidia, or half bulls, are bulls issued by the pope before his coronation, and so called from the fact that the lead or gold is stamped only on one side. BULL, George, an English prelate, born at Wells, Somersetshire, March 25, 1634, died Feb. 17, 1710. He was educated at Oxford, ordained at the age of 21, and became rector of St. George's, near Bristol. In 1658 he became rector of Suddington St. Mary, in Gloucester, and in 1662 of Suddington St. Peter. In 1669 he published in Latin Harmonia Apostolica, an attempt to reconcile the apparent contradictions between St. James and St. Paul on the doctrine of justification. This publication extended his fame to foreign countries, and his reputation procured him a stall in the cathedral of Glou- cester. In 1705 he was promoted to the bish- opric of St. David's. BILL, John, the familiar name given to the English, not only by others but by themselves. It is generally used in a humorous sense, and is not always considered disparaging. The Eng- lish seem to regard it as significant of sturdi- ness, though sometimes it is used to convey the idea of stupidity, obstinacy, and unreasonable rage. It is said to have been first used by Dean Swift, but its first considerable applica- tion in literature was made by Dr. Arbuthnot in his allegorical satire, " The History of John Bull," published in 1712. Bl'LL, John, an English musician, born in Somersetshire about 1563, died in Lubeck, Ger-
