JAMAICA JAMES I. 513 leyans, 85,000 ; Jamaica Baptists, 30,000 ; the other sects being much inferior in numbers. Jamaica was discovered on May 8, 1494, by Columbus, who named it St. Jago or Santiago, in honor of the patron saint of Spain. The first Spanish settlement was made by Juan de Esquibal in 1509 ; but the colony was captured Jan. 29, 1597, by an English squadron under Sir Anthony Shirley. After having been re- gained by the Spaniards, it was again wrested from them by the English under Admiral Penn and Gen. Venables, May 3, 1655; since which time it has belonged to England. The island was placed in 1661 under a governor and a council of 12 appointed by the crown; and Spain, by the treaty of Madrid, July 18, 1670, recognized the right of Great Britain to Ja- maica. Four years later the population was augmented by the advent of 1,200 colonists from Surinam. In 1728 the constitution of Jamaica was passed. In 1745 a conspiracy of 900 slaves for the total destruction of the white inhabitants was discovered in time to prevent slaughter, and the conspirators were punished with much severity. A tribe of the Maroons (fugitive slaves), having been permitted to es- tablish themselves in the northern part, rose in revolt in 1795, but were finally brought un- der subjection in the following year. In 1807 the slave trade was abolished, and the act for the emancipation of slaves was passed in 1833. After the latter event, the blacks, who had formerly been provided with lodgings and a piece of ground rent free, were compelled to pay rent, the enhanced rate of which as well as the means used for its collection caused great dissatisfaction among the African population, who now grew inattentive and unwilling to cultivate the land of the proprietors. Revolts were of frequent occurrence ; and it is estima- ted that no fewer than 653 sugar and 456 coffee estates were abandoned and the works entirely suspended from 1833 to 1841. Affairs continued in this disturbed and unsettled state till October, 1865, when a general uprising of the natives occurred, in which the most fear- ful atrocities were perpetrated. The rebellion was suppressed with much bloodshed. A wealthy mulatto and Baptist preacher named Gordon was tried by court martial for com- plicity in the revolution, and promptly execu- ted; and numbers were taken in flight, sum- marily tried and hanged, or shot by the pur- suing troops. Governor Eyre was recalled, Dec. 11 ; and a commission was appointed to inquire into the cause of the disturbance. A charge of murder was brought by an associa- tion against the ex-governor and two military officers who had been stationed under him at the time of the outbreak ; but the bill of in- dictment was immediately thrown out by the grand jury. See " History of Jamaica, from its Discovery to the Present Time," by W. J. Gardner (London, 1873). JAMAICA, a town of Queens co., New York, on Jamaica bay, an inlet on the S. side of Long Island, including the village and county seat of the same name, on the South Side and Long Island railroads, about 10 m. E. of Brooklyn city hall ; pop. of the town in 1870, 7,745 ; of the village, 3,791. The village was incorpora- ted in 1814. It is lighted with gas, has a fire department, and is the residence of many per- sons doing business in New York. It contains a large town hall, several hotels, two academies, four weekly newspapers (one German), and six churches. JAMALTICA, a collection of ruins in Hondu- ras, 20 m. N. of Comayagua. They consist of a series of rectangular tumuli faced with stones, and ascended by flights of steps, supporting the remains of what appear to have been ancient edifices. The principal tumulus stands on a broad terrace paved with stones, and is sur- rounded by smaller mounds regularly placed. The adjacent valley is full of remains, and many vases skilfully wrought and beautifully painted, besides various articles of sculpture well execu- ted, are found in making excavations. Both ruins and vases resemble those found at Copan. JAMES, a 8. E. county of Tennessee, border- ing on Georgia, and bounded N. W. by the Tennessee river, formed since the census of 1870; area, about 200 sq. m. The surface is somewhat mountainous ; the soil is generally fertile. Coal and iron are found. The East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia railroad crosses it. The assessed value of property in 1871 was $801,093. Capital, Ooltewah. JAMES I., king of Scotland, and third mon- arch of the Stuart dynasty, born in Dunferm- line about 1394, assassinated in Perth, Feb. 21, 1437. He was the son of Robert III. and An- nabella Drummond. He became heir to the crown on the murder of his brother, the duke of Rothsay. His education was intrusted to the bishop of St. Andrews ; but in 1405 it was determined to send him to France, and on his way there the ship was taken by an English man-of-war. He was detained in captivity 19 years, chiefly in Windsor castle, but both Henry IV. and Henry V. treated him well. The for- mer attended liberally to his. education, and the latter took him with him in his French campaigns. In a political sense James's edu- cation was the consequence of circumstances, and he could not have passed his youth in a better school for a monarch ; but he was de- tained too long from his kingdom to allow of his abilities and knowledge proving greatly use- ful to his subjects. He showed poetical powers of no mean order, and his writings are yet admired. "The King's Quhair," or "Book," was written while he resided in England ; after his return to Scotland he was too actively en- gaged to devote much time to poetry. Robert III. dying in 1406, his captive son was pro- claimed king, and his uncle the duke of Albany was made regent, holding the office until his death in 1419. But for Albany's intrigues James would have been sooner restored to his throne. Albany was succeeded by his son
