516 JAMES V. JAMES I. (ENGLAND), VI. (SCOTLAND) deference to the nobility, he married the prin- cess Margaret of England, Aug. 8, 1503. The relations between France and Scotland became very close, which offended Henry VII. Print- ing was introduced into Scotland in 1507, by Walter Chapman, one of the king's servants. After the accession of Henry VIII. to the Eng- lish throne troubles began, which ended in war in 1513, when James invaded England, and was defeated by the earl of Surrey at Flodden. The loss of the battle was due to the conduct of the king, who, from exaggerated notions of chivalry, gave up great advantages of position, for which he paid with his life. He showed eminent valor, but no generalship. JAMES Vi, king of Scotland, son of the pre- ceding and of Margaret Tudor, born in Lin- lithgow, April 10, 1512, died in Falkland, Dec. 13, 1542. He was crowned at Scone, and his mother became regent. His minority was a period of great trouble, owing to the weak- ness of his mother, the rivalry of parties, the venality and violence of the aristocracy, and the attempts of the English to obtain ascen- dancy. In his 17th year he escaped from the Douglases, who then had possession of his per- son, and became king in fact. He showed much energy in repressing the troubles on the borders, where he sent several chiefs to the gallows, among them the famous John Arm- strong. A rebellion in the Orkneys was promptly quelled ; and the chiefs of the West- ern isles were induced to submit to the king's authority by his firm but conciliatory action. Other measures to promote tranquillity were adopted; but the nobles had become lawless and licentious during the regency, so that James met with great difficulties in his en- deavors to restore peace at home, and some of their leaders were treated with severity. The clergy were much esteemed by him, and held the principal offices of state ; facts of not a little consequence, as the reformation was then go- ing forward, and Scotland was affected by it. The college of justice was established in 1532, supposed to have been modelled on the parlia- ment of Paris, and suggested by the advice of Gavin Dunbar, archbishop of Glasgow, who had been the king's preceptor, and was now chancellor ; its object was to remove the means of oppression from the hands of the nobles. James was courted by foreign powers. Henry VIII. wished him to marry his daughter Mary. Charles V. offered him his sister, the late queen of Hungary, or his niece, a princess of Denmark. Francis I. favored the English alliance, as he and Henry were at that time friends. Border hostilities made it difficult for England and Scotland to he allies. Henry encouraged Scotch rebels, and James aided the disaffected Irish. In 1533, under French mediation, a truce was made, which was converted into a treaty of peace the next year. Henry made James a knight of the garter, Francis conferred upon him the order of St. Michael, and the emperor that of the golden fleece. Charles made another futile effort to marry him to one of his nieces, though James avowed his attach- ment to the cause of which the emperor was chief. Ho persecuted the reformers, burning some, while others were compelled to fly. Henry VIII. urged his nephew to side with him in his contest with Rome, and again offered him the hand of the princess Mary ; but he failed, and the pope's attentions and exertions bound James to the papal cause. Paul III. addressed him as " defender of the faith," against which Henry remonstrated. James visited France in 1536, where he married Madeleine, only daugh- ter of Francis I. She died soon after, where- upon James married the duchess of Longue- ville, a daughter of the duke of Guise, who had been sought by Henry VIII. These marriages caused the king to become still more attached to the party in Europe that was hostile to the reformation, and under the influence of Car- dinal Beaton persecution raged, while Henry VIII. exerted himself to change the policy of Scotland. In 1540 James led a successful ex- pedition to the Western isles. The Hebrides, the Orkney and Shetland isles, and portions of territory in Scotland that had belonged to re- bellious barons, were annexed to the crown. The king paid much attention to industrial development, inviting skilful foreign artisans to settle in Scotland. Henry VIII. sought an interview with his nephew in 1541, going for that purpose to York; but James would not visit him. War followed, and James made great preparations to meet the English; but his feudal array could not be relied upon, the nobility being thoroughly discontented. At Fala Muir and Solway Moss they openly defied his commands, and would not resist the ene- my. James fell into despair, and died in a few days. When the birth of his daughter Mary was announced to him, he said : " It [the crown] came with a lass, and it will go with a lass." These were among his last words. JANES I. of England, and VI. of Scotland, son of Henry, Lord Darnley, and Mary, queen of Scots, born in Edinburgh castle, June 19, 1566, died in the palace of Theobalds, March 27, 1625. His reign began in July, 1567, when his mother, queen regnant of Scotland, was dethroned, and power passed finally into the hands of the Protestant party. He resided at Stirling castle, under the guardianship of the earl of Mar, and his preceptor was the learned George Buchanan, who, on being re- proached with having made the king a pedant, declared that it was the best he could make of him. During his minority the contest between kingsmen. and queensmen was bitterly waged, and the earls of Murray, Lennox, Mar, and Morton were successively regents. In 1577, on the overthrow of Morton, James assumed power, and the next year this assumption was confirmed by parliament. He early exhibited that fondness for masculine favorites which has left a cloud on his name. He was seized by some of the nobility in 1582, but recovered
