520 JAMES and Italy. He has become favorably known as a contributor of stories, sketches of travel, and literary and artistic criticisms to various reviews and other periodicals. JAMES, Sir Henry, an English engineer, born at Rose-in- Vale, near St. Agnes, Cornwall, in 1803. He studied at Woolwich, and became lieutenant of engineers in 1825, director of the geological survey of Ireland in 1844, and of the admiralty engineering works at Portsmouth in 1846, chief of the ordnance survey of the United Kingdom in 1852, and of the topographical and statistical departments of the ministry in 1857, which last two offices he still holds (1874). He was knighted in 1860, and made major general in 1868. He invented a new photographic pro- cess to which he applied the name of photo- zincography, and by means of which he made facsimiles of the "Domesday Book" in 32 volumes, and of "National Manuscripts from William I. to Queen Anne " (2 vols. fol., 1865). His other works comprise " Ordnance Survey in Ireland" (1855), "in Scotland" (2 vols., 1861), and "in England and Wales" (2 vols., 1861) ; " On Photozincography and other Pho- tographic Processes " (1862) ; " Account of the principal Triangulation of the United King- dom " (1864) ; and " Record of the Expedition to Abyssinia " (1870). JAMES, John Angell, an English clergyman, born at Blandford, June 6, 1785, died in Bir- mingham, Oct. 1, 1859. He was apprenticed to a draper, but was subsequently placed in the dissenting college at Gosport to be educated for the ministry. In 1804, while still a student, he temporarily supplied the pulpit of Carr's lane chapel, Birmingham, and was unanimously re- quested to become the pastor, which post he held till the end of his life. Soon after he was ordained he issued the " Sunday School Teacher's Guide," which has passed through many editions ; and volumes, tracts, addresses, and sermons followed each other in rapid suc- cession. A series of his works, including " The Anxious Inquirer," "The Church Mem- ber's Guide," " The Christian Father's Present to his Children," and " The Christian Profes- sor addressed in a Series of Counsels," have been circulated by hundreds of thousands of copies, and translated into 10 or 12 languages. Among his numerous other writings may be mentioned "The Course of Faith," " Christian Hope," "The Family Monitor," and "The Church in Earnest." He possessed the love and respect of persons of all denominations, and his funeral was said to have been the largest ever known in Birmingham. See " John An- gell James : a Review of his History, Charac- ter, Eloquence, and Literary Labors," by John Campbell, D. D. (8vo, London, 1860), and his " Life and Letters," by R. W. Dale (1861). J AMKS, Robert, an English physician, born at Kinverston, Staffordshire, in 1703, died in 1776. He was educated at St. John's college, Oxford, studied medicine, and after practising in Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingham, re- moved to London. He is principally known as the inventor of the fever powder called " James's powder." He is the author of "A Medicinal Dictionary" (3 vols. fol., London, 1743-'5), in the preparation of which he was assisted by Dr. Samuel Johnson ; of a posthu- mous publication entitled " Vindication of the Fever Powder ;" and of treatises on the prac- tice of physic, canine madness, &c. The prep- aration of his powder was kept a secret for many years, but it is now known to be com- posed of oxide of antimony and phosphate of lime, and is called antimonial powder. JAMES, Saint. I. The Elder, one of the twelve apostles, son of the fisherman Zebedee and Sa- lome, and brother of the evaagelist John, died about A. D. 44. With his brother John he followed his father's occupation, and they seem to have been acquainted with Jesus, and to have recognized him as the Messiah, some time before their call to attend him. It was prob- ably their zeal and boldness that gained them the appellation of Boanerges, or sons of thun- der. They witnessed the transfiguration, the restoration to life of Jairus's daughter, the agony in the garden of Gethsemane, and the ascension. James preached as an apostle chiefly in the vicinity of Jerusalem. Under Herod Agrippa he suffered martyrdom by the sword, and, according to Clement of Alexandria, his accuser was so much affected by the boldness of his confession of faith that he at once pro- fessed himself a Christian, and was beheaded immediately after him. There is a tradition that he went to Spain, of which country he is the patron saint, and Santiago de Compostela claims the possession of his bones. The Gospel of St. James which was discovered in 1595 on a mountain in Granada, written upon lead, was declared by Pope Innocent XI. in 1682 to be spurious. II. The Less, one of the twelve apostles, son of Cleophas (or Alpheus) and Mary, a sister of the Virgin Mary, died about A. D. 62. He was the cousin of Jesus, and was sometimes called his brother. The son of Alpheus and the brother of the Lord are sup- posed by some critics to be two persons, and Neander pronounces the question the most dif- ficult in the apostolic history. According to Clement of Alexandria, he was a priest and a Nazarite before he was an apostle. After the ascension he was appointed bishop of Jerusa- lem, and there, in the first apostolic council, he spoke against those who wished to make the law of Moses binding upon Christians. The progress of Christianity under him alarmed the Jews, and Ananus, a son of the high priest Annas, accomplished his death. The apocry- phal " Gospel according to the Hebrews " states that he was first precipitated from a pinnacle of the temple, and afterward stoned. He was noted for the purity and holiness of his life, and held in the highest esteem by Jewish pro- fessors of the Christian faith. JAMES, Thomas, an English clergyman, born in Newport, Isle of Wight, in 1571, died in
