528 JANSENIUS JANUARIUS a declaration by which they should reject the condemned propositions as propositions of Jansenius. This raised the question, whether the pope's admitted infallibility in matters of faith extended also to historical facts. Louis XIV. lent his support to the execution of this as well as other measures of the popes against Jansenism, declaring at a national as- sembly of the French clergy in 1660 that he regarded it as his religious duty to exter- minate Jansenism. Clement IX. in 1068 en- deavored to put a stop to the controversy by a decree {Pax Clementina), which demanded merely a rejection of the five propositions, without ascribing them to Jansenius. (La paix de Clement IX., Brussels, 1701. The au- thor, who is not named on the title page, was Quesnel, who died in 1719.) But Clement XL and Louis XIV. soon had recourse to se- verer measures; many Jansenists fled to the Netherlands, and Port Royal was suppressed in 1709. The controversy had broken out with new violence on the publication of Quesnel's celebrated work on the New Testament (Le Nouveau Testament en franfais, avee des re- flexions morales). Clement XL, by the consti- tution Unigenitus (1713), condemned 101 prop- ositions of this book as heretical, dangerous, or offensive to pious ears. A large portion of the French clergy and people, with the arch- bishop of Paris, the cardinal de Noailles, at their head, publicly resisted the constitution, and were therefore called Anticonstitutionalists. A papal decree of Sept. 2, 1718, threatened with excommunication all who would not sub- mit unconditionally. Many yielded, among them Cardinal Noailles, but four bishops (those of Mirepoix, Montpellier, Boulogne, and Senez) appealed to an oecumenical council. Those who sustained this appeal, among whom were many opposed to Jansenism, were called Appellants. The parliament perseveringly resisted the de- crees against Jansenism; the Sorbonne wa- vered, and when pressed generally submitted to the papal decrees. Some of the bishops continued to patronize it, and the general chap- ter of the Oratorians resolved in 1727 not to accept the bull Unigenitw. A popular saint, Francis of Paris, died with the appeal in his hand (1727), and the miracles and wild convul- sions which were reported to have taken place at his grave made a deep impression on large classes of the people. But when the constitu- tion by an act of royal sovereignty had been enforced as a law of the kingdom (1730), the resistance of the Jansenists was gradually over- come, and the Oratorians accepted the bull in 1746. New difficulties arose for a while when Beaumont, archbishop of Paris, in 1752, or- dered the sacraments to be refused to all who had not accepted the constitution ; but in 1756 peace was restored by means of a mild pastoral letter from Benedict XIV. The Jansenist party remained very strong among the French clergy, and most of the clerical deputies in the states general of 1789 belonged to it. After the res- toration also it found many advocates among the clergy and laity, and since 1804 has had an organ in the religious press (U Obsenateur Ca- tUolique). In Italy several bishops who were in favor of the reforms of Leopold I. of Tus- cany and of Napoleon, as Ricci, bishop of Pis- toja, and Capece-Latro, archbishop of Taranto, were regarded as Jansenists. While Jansenism remained in France a theological school, it be- came in the Netherlands an independent church. In 1704 Codde, the vicar apostolic of the arch- bishopric of Utrecht, was deposed by the pope for holding Jansenistic views, but the chapter refused to acknowledge the validity of this de- position. In 1723 the chapter chose an arch- bishop of Utrecht, who was consecrated by the bishop of Babylon, a French bishop inpartibus, who lived as a fugitive at Amsterdam. The pope was informed of the election, but an- swered by a condemnatory brief. The arch- bishop appealed from the condemnation of the pope to the next general council, a step which has since been taken by each of his successors. The next archbishop, Barchinan Wuytiers, re- ceived letters of communion from many bish- ops, more than 100 of which are preserved in the archives of the church of Utrecht. After the death of the bishop of Babylon, Archbishop Meindaarts (elected in 1739) restored the suf- fragan see of Haarlem in 1742, and that of De- venter in 1758, in order to secure a succession of prelates. In 1856 the bishops of the Jan- senist church jointly protested against the doc- trine of the immaculate conception. They took an active interest in the rise and progress of the Old Catholic movement in Germany. By invitation the archbishop of Utrecht in 1872 ad- ministered the sacrament of confirmation in a number of Old Catholic congregations of Ger- many, and in 1873 the bishop of Deventer, then the only surviving bishop of the Jansenists, consecrated the first Old Catholic bishop for Germany. The Jansenist church ia 1873 had 25 congregations and 25 pastors, all in the dioceses of Utrecht and Haarlem, the diocese of Deventer having no congregation. In 1874 the Jansenist church of Utrecht, numbering about 6,000 members, formally joined the Old Catholics. See Leydecker, Hiitoria Jansen iumi (Utrecht, 1695); Lucchesini, Historia Polemiea Jansenismi (3 vols., Rome, 1711); Tregelles, "The Jansenists" (London, 1851); and the Rev. J. M. Neale, " History of the so-called Jansenist Church of Holland" (Oxford, 1S58). JANSSENS, Abraham, a Flemish painter, born in Antwerp in 1569, died about 1631. He en- joyed the highest reputation in Antwerp until Rubens established himself there after his resi- dence in Italy. In vigor of coloring he is scarce- ly inferior to Rubens. JANl'ARIUS, Saint (Ital. San Gennaro), a Christian martyr, patron saint of Naples, born in Naples, or according to some accounts in Benevento, April 21, 272, beheaded at Pozzuoli, Sept. 19, 305. He was made bishop of Bene- vento about 303, just as the persecution under
