CRATINUS CRAWFISH 463 structor of Arcesilaus and others. IV. A Greek grammarian, called also by Suidas a Stoic phi- losopher, founded about the middle of the 2d century B. C. the celebrated Fergana ene school of grammar, and became the great rival of Aris- tarchus, of the Alexandrian school. From his work on Homer he is said to have been called 'Qp]pLK.6(;. He wrote commentaries on Hesiod, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Only a few frag- ments of his works are preserved. CRATIMS. I. A comic poet of Athens, men- tioned by Quintilian and Horace as one of the three great masters of the old comedy, born in Attica in 519 B. C., died in 422. His private life was marked by irregularities and excesses. Suidas calls him the "wine-bibber," as Aristo- phanes and Horace had done before him. He was already far advanced in life before he en- tered upon his dramatic career. The " Archi- lochi," supposed to have been one of his ear- liest productions, was not exhibited till he was upward of 70 years of age ; but he lived to achieve much for his profession, and at the advanced age of 97 died at the height of his fame, having just triumphed over Aristophanes himself. He found the Greek comedy a mere plaything, employed to excite merriment and laughter, and at once converted it into a terri- ble weapon for the chastisement of public and private vice. Horace particularly commends the public spirit and the impartial justice with which he exercised his censorship over the 'morals of his age. The uniform testimony of ancient writers places Oratinus in the first rank as a comic poet. His great rival, Aristo- phanes, was fully aware of his power. In the " Knights " he compares him to a torrent car- rying everything before it, and tells his fellow citizens that Oratinus was entitled to a high place in their regard, to a choice seat at the Dionysia, and to a public support in the Pryta- neum. About 30 plays are ascribed to him, but some of these probably belong to the younger Cratinus ; according to the best authorities he wrote 24 dramas, 9 of which were successful in the Dionysiac contest. Not a single one of his dramas is now extant; only a few frag- ments remain to attest the excellence of his productions. II. A poet of the middle com- edy, who flourished about 330 B. C. He is sometimes confounded with his more celebra- ted namesake. Four or five plays ascribed to him are considered authentic, besides which he probably wrote some of those wrongly as- cribed to the elder Cratinus. CRATIPPUS. I. A Greek historian, contem- porary with Thucydides, about 400 B. C. He continued the work .of the great historian, and brought it down, according to Plutarch, to the time of Conon. The well known words of Dionysius, " He wrote what Thucydides left unwritten," evidently show that Cratippus not only continued the history of Thucydides, but also supplied whatever omissions he thought he found in it. II. A celebrated Peripatetic philosopher. He was born about 75 B. 0., at 235 VOL. v. 30 Mytilene, on the island of Lesbos, where he established a school of philosophy ; but after- ward having repaired to Athens, he became the instructor of Brutus and of M. Cicero, the son of the great Roman orator. Cicero him- self pronounces high encomiums upon him in the De Officiis, declaring him the ablest of the Peripatetics whom he had ever known, and equal at least to the best of the school. Though highly esteemed by the ancients, he probably never produced any important philosophical work. Cicero tells us that he believed in in- spiration and in dreams, but rejected all other kinds of divination. He is supposed to have been the author of the work on dreams cited by Tertullian in his work De Anima. CRAUFURD, Quintin, a Scottish author, born at Kil winning, Sept. 22, 1743, died in Paris in November, 1819. He went in early life to the East Indies, where he served in the war against Spain. After the peace he became president of the company of the Indies at Manila, and gained a considerable fortune. Returning to Europe in 1780, he established himself at Paris, where he formed valuable collections of books and paintings. He left France at the revolu- tion, but returned at its close, in order to restore his collections, which had been dis- persed and sold in his absence. After the rupture of the peace of Amiens he was al- lowed to remain in Paris, through the protec- tion 'of Talleyrand and the empress Josephine. He was the author of a " History of the Bas- tile, with a Disquisition upon the Prisoner of the Iron Mask," "Essays on French Litera- ture," " Historical Essay on Swift and his In- fluence on the English Government," " Sketch- es relating to the History, Learning, Religion, and Manners of the Hindoos," and other works, some in English and some in French. CRAVEN, a S. E. county of North Carolina ; area estimated at 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 20,516, of whom 12,116 were colored. It bor- ders on Pamlico sound, and is intersected by the Neuse river, navigable throughout the county. The surface is low, swampy, and in great part covered with pine forests, the tur- pentine and lumber procured from which are among the chief articles of export. The At- lantic and North Carolina railroad traverses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,310 bush- els of wheat, 241,034 of Indian, corn, 112,217 of sweet potatoes, 3,809 bales of cotton, and 55,386 Ibs. of rice. There were 897 horses, 2,484 milch cows, 5,810 other cattle, 4,203 sheep, and 15,431 swine ; 2 flour and 8 saw mills, 2 manufactories of agricultural imple- ments, and 5 of tar and turpentine. Capital, New Berne. CRAVEN, Elizabeth. See ANSPACH. CRAWFISH, a macrourous or long-tailed crus- tacean, of the order decapoda and genus aba- cus. This genus is fluviatile, while the lobster, belonging to the same family but to the genus homarus, is marine. The body is elongated and somewhat compressed, and the abdomen
