EAST over the lands of private individuals, for pur- poses of travel and the like, are often spoken of as public easements. EAST (Anglo-Saxon, East; the correspond- ing word in many other languages having a similar etymological significance), the quarter in which the heavenly bodies rise. Due east is the direction toward the east precisely at right angles to each meridian line ; the reverse direction is due west. An object is said to bear due east when it is seen exactly in this direction, but it is said to be due east when it is on the same parallel of latitude as the ob- server. An object that is due east will in north- ern latitudes bear N. of E., unless it be very near the observer, because a line perpendicu- lar to a meridian in any latitude, if continued in one direction as a great circle, would depart from the parallel of latitude and intersect the equator at a distance of one fourth of a circle. A column of smoke, for example, over New York city, could it be seen at Nauvoo, would bear 6f N. of E., and smoke rising from Nauvoo would bear from New York 5 N. of W. The bearing is the direction in which a great circle from the observer through the object starts from the observer ; while the course or actual direction is the direction of a line to the object cutting every meridian at the same angle. EAST BATON ROUGE, a S. E. parish of Lou- isiana, bounded E. by the Amite river and W. by the Mississippi ; area, about 450 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 17,816, of whom 11,343 were colored. The surface is level in the north and gently undulating in the south ; the soil is moderately fertile. There are extensive forests of live oak, cypress, and magnolia. The chief productions in 1870 were 185,133 bushels of Indian corn, 3,163 of Irish and 32,075 of sweet potatoes, 8,967 bales of cotton, 833 hogsheads of sugar, and 59,497 gallons of molasses. There were 1,296 horses, 1,275 mules and asses, 3,203 milch cows, 5,936 other cattle, 3,470 sheep, and 7,819 swine j 1 manufactory of agricul- tural implements, 1 of boots and shoes, 2 of carriages, 1 of barrels and casks, 1 of cotton goods, 1 of gas, 10 of molasses and sugar, 1 of woollens, and 1 sawmill. Capital, Baton Rouge. EAST BIRMINGHAM, Pa. See BIRMINGHAM. EASTBURN. I. James Wallis, an American author, born in England in 1797, died at sea, Dec. 2, 1819. He graduated at Columbia col- lege, New York, in 1816, and studied theology under Bishop Griswold at Bristol, R. I., with a view of taking orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. While thus employed he undertook a new metrical version of the Psalms, which he did not live to complete. In con- junction with Robert C. Sands he published in 1818 " Yarnoyden," a romantic poem founded on the history of King Philip, the sachem of the Wampanoags. He also wrote several fugi- tive poems, some of which are very gracefully versified. In 1818 he was ordained, and was about to take charge of a parish in Accomac, Va. He sailed for Santa Cruz to restore his health, EASTER 373 but died a few days after embarking. II. Manton, an American bishop, brother of the preceding, born in Leeds, England, Feb. 9, 1801, died in Boston, Sept. 11, 1872. He came to America with his parents while a child, gradu- ated at Columbia college in 1817, studied at the Episcopal theological seminary in New York, and was ordained deacon in 1822, and priest in 1825. He was for five years assistant minister in Christ church, and in 1827 became rector of the church of the Ascension, New York. At the close of 1842 he was consecra- ted assistant bishop of the diocese of Massa- chusetts ; and in February, 1843, on the death of Bishop Griswold, he became bishop of the diocese. His principal works were: "Four Lectures on Hebrew, Latin, and English Po- etry " (1825) ; two essays in a volume entitled " Essays and Dissertations in Biblical Litera- ture " (1829) ; " Lectures on the Epistle to the Philippians " (1833) ; " Oration on the Semi- centennial Anniversary of Columbia College " (1837) ; and many sermons and pastoral charges. He also edited, with notes, " Thornton's Family Prayers (1836). He bequeathed his property to the domestic missions in Massachusetts, to the Episcopal theological seminary in Massa- chusetts, to the American Bible society, and for other benevolent objects. EAST BRIDGEWATER. See BEIDGEWATER. EASTER (Germ. Ostern, old Saxon oster, os- ten, rising), the Christian passover and festi- val of the resurrection of Christ. The English name is probably derived from that of the Teu- tonic goddess of spring, Ostera or Eostre, whose festival occurred about the same time of the year as the celebration of Easter. The He- brew-Greek word Tnfo^a has passed into the name given to this feast by most Christian na- tions. The French call it Pdques, the Scotch Pasck, the Dutch Paschen, the Danes Paaslce, and the Swedes Pdslc. St. Paul calls Christ "our Pasch ;" and both the eastern and west- ern churches from the beginning distinguished a twofold event in the Easter commemoration, the slaying of "the Lamb of God" and his resurrection ; hence the terms in their litur- gies, pasclia crucifixionis and pascha resurrec- tionis. And the distinction between the day on which Christ died and that on which he rose again had not a little to do with the Easter'controversy in the early church, origi- nating in a difference of custom with re- gard to the day of the week and the day of the month on which Easter should be celebrated. As the Christians held that Christ, the true paschal lamb, had been slain on the very day when the Jews in celebration of their passover immolated the figurative lamb, so, both in the "West and in the East, those who believed the Christian passover to be a commemoration of Christ's death adhered to the custom of holding the Easter festivity on the day prescribed for the Jewish pasch. Now, as the Jews celebrated their passover on the 14th day of the first month, that is to say,
