FISHERIES FISHES 235 PRODUCING COUNTRIES. Norway, France, Newfoundland, United States. &c Norway, Great Britain, Eussia, &c. . United States, Great Britain, &c United States, Nova Scotia, France, &c Norway, France, United States, &c. France, Italy, Spain, &c Great Britain, Holland, Nova Scotia, &c United States, Great Britain, &c Newfoundland, Norway, &c Great Britain Codfish Herring i Whale oil... i Mackerel . . . ! Cod-liver oil. Sardines Salmon Whalebone.. Seal oil Pilchards... $20,730,249 17,685.408 6,057,967 4,689,687 3,449,896 2,600,000 1,852,784 1,407.389 757,838 875,000 Another table shows the annual value of the sea fisheries of 22 countries, with the total an- nual consumption and that per capita : COUNTRIES. Norway France United States , Great Britain Eussia , Newfoundland , Nova Scotia , Holland Italy Spain Japan Austria Siam Canada Denmark German Zollverein Sweden Portugal New Brunswick Belgium Prince Edward island . Greece Total. Value of product. $13,625,415 12,807,113 8,898,196 7,803,870 5,74&,000 5,600,000 3,476,462 3,100,000 8,048,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 1,750,000 1,600,000 1,225,000 1.109,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000 500,000 450,000 400,000 250,000 $79,688,264 $73,159,183 Annual consumption. $1,000,000 9,845,786 8,797,955 9,429,431 8,659,568 874,770 3,105,620 5,426,976 5,496,825 1,177,708 1,096.770 1,027,991 5,500,056 3,126,449 1,695,693 192,570 1,859,099 100,085 825,000 Per capita. $0 60 26 25 82 11 2 00 1 12 35 07 08 10 41 88 15 76 43 76 27 1 24 30 $0 20 If to this total the product of Turkey, Brazil, Australia, China, &c., were added, the sum would be increased to $90,000,000 as the an- nual value of those products of the sea fisheries which are the subject of statistical record. The products of the seas, rivers, and lakes of the United Kingdom, consumed without record in England, have been estimated at more than $8,000,000 annually; the river herring, shad, whitefish, oysters, &c., sold in the coast and lake fish markets of the United States are val- ued at over $7,000,000 ; and the interior fish- eries of Russia in Europe at $6,000,000. Simi- lar estimates for other countries would produce an aggregate of $30,000,000, making a total of $120,000,000 as the annual value of the fish- eries, maritime and inland, of the world. The returns of 10 of the countries included in the above table embrace 80,883 vessels and boats, with an aggregate tonnage of 551,456, and 309,682 men; and it is estimated that 450,000 men are directly engaged in the fisheries of the whole 22. The annual value of the commerce in products of the sea fisheries as shown by the returns of 48 countries and dependencies is over $41,000,000. The following table exhibits the imports, exports, and balance of trade in fish- ery products of the principal nations : COUNTRIES. Imports of foreign produce. Exports of domestic and foreign pro- duce. Surplus sold. Deficiency purchased. Norway $36,440 314,770 1,316,642 $12,624,260 5,355.157 8,476,462 4,277,969 1,486,489 1,298,378 422,292 408,769 329,915 137,365 980,811 2,626,747 257,660 40,509 ' 844,499 260.735 8,910,785 358,539 ' 169,849 26,000 38,540 $12,587,820 5,855,157 8,101,692 2,961,327 1,486,489 1,298,378 422,292 807.430 299,915 137,365 128,224 100,241 81,217 23,164 Newfoundland. . . Nova Scotia France Hawaiian islands. St. Pierre 8iam
New Brunswick Prince Edwd. fel. Japan 96,339 30,000 Canada 852,087 2,526,506 176,443 17,345 4,500,056 3,759,067 2,757,560 6,340,216 2,737,517 2,126,449 1,232,652 935,099 934,233 812.862 727,382 629,983 624,124 533,611 United States.... Denmark $4,500,056 2,914,568 2,496,825 2,429,431 2,378,978 2.126,449 1,036,803 909,099 895,693 812,862 727,382 629,983 624,124 538,611 623,991 5,620 Algeria. G'rmanZollverein Eussia Spain Great Britain Italy
Sweden
Austria Belgium Portugal
Australia Hamburg Brazil Hayti China Cuba Holland 523,991 1,408,747 i,398,i27 The exports from the Hawaiian islands were in great part the catch of American whalers sold or exchanged at Honolulu. International fishery exhibitions have been recently held at Amsterdam, Holland; at Bergen, Norway; at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France ; and at some other places. See Histoire des peches, des decouvertes et des etablissements des Hollandais dans les mers du nord, by B. de Reste (Paris, 1801); " On the Public Fisheries of Great Britain and the Rise and Progress of the Dutch Fishery," by H. Schultes (London, 1813); "A Review of the Domestic Fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland," by Robert Fraser (Edinburgh, 1818) ; "Frank Forester's Fish and Fishing of the United States and British Provinces of North America," by H. W. Herbert (New York, 1851); "Report on the Sea and River Fish- eries of New Brunswick," by M. H. Perley (Fredericton, 1852); "Report on the princi- pal Fisheries of the American Seas," by Loren- zo Sabine (Washington, 1853); "The Sea and its Living Wonders," by Dr. G. Hartwig (Lon- don, 1866) ; La boutique de la marchande de poissons, by Martial Deherrypon (Paris, 1867); La peche et les poissons, by H. de la Blanchere (Paris, 1868) ; Les grandes peches, by Victor Meunier (Paris, 1868); "The Ocean World," by Louis Figuier (London, 1868) ; "The Har- vest of the Sea," by J. G. Bertram (London, 1869); and "Report on the Condition of the Sea Fisheries of the South Coast of New Eng- land in 1871 and 1872," by Spencer F. Baird (Washington, 1873). FISHES, the lowest class of vertebrated ani- mals, red-blooded, breathing through the me- dium of water by means of branchiae or gills. Like other vertebrates, they have an internal skeleton, the brain and spinal cord protected
