FLAHAUT DE LA BILLARDERIE FLAME 253 ing of the Atlantic Cable," and " Washington receiving his Mother's Blessing." Mr. Flagg has suffered much from ill health, and his efforts have been in consequence unequal. II. Jared Bradley, an American artist and clergy- man, brother of the preceding, born in New Haven, Conn., June 16, 1820. He studied for a short time with his brother, and had some instruction also from Washington Allston. When but 16 years old he exhibited in the national academy a portrait of his father. He settled in Hartford, where he painted many portraits and a few other pictures. In 1849 lie removed to New York, and the following year the exhibition of his " Angelo and Isabel- la" from "Measure for Measure" secured his election as an academician. He afterward studied theology, and in 1854 was ordained deacon in the Episcopal church. Since then he has been pastor of several churches, and has found time also to paint many pictures. FLAHAUT DE LA BILLARDERIE. I. Angnste Charles Joseph, count, a French general and diplomatist, born in Paris, April 21, 1785, died there, Sept. 2, 1870. His father succeeded Buffon as director of the jardin des plantes, and was executed by the revolutionists. The property of his widow was confiscated. In 1800 Flahaut joined the army in Italy, became successively aide-de-camp of Murat, Berthier, and Napoleon, fought in Portugal, Russia, and Germany, and gained particular distinction at the battle of Leipsic, on which occasion he was made general of division, with the title of count. During the hundred days he was created a peer, and took part in the battle of Water- loo. After the revolution of 1830 he was re- instated in his rank and title. In 1831 he was for a short time ambassador in Berlin, and officiated in the same capacity in Vienna from 1841 to 1848. On the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, he became a member of the consulta- tive commission, in 1853 senator, in 1854 a member of the commission to collect the cor- respondence of Napoleon I., and in 1860 am- bassador to London. He married on July 28, 1817, Margaret Mercer Elphinstone, who succeeded to the peerages of the United King- dom and Ireland as Baroness Keith in 1823, and to the Scottish barony of Nairn in 1838. The saloon of Mme. de Flahaut was a favorite resort of eminent politicians. The count was one of the intimate friends of Louis Napoleon's mother, Queen Hortense, who is said to have composed for him her popular air Partant pour laSyrie; and he was believed to have been the father of M. de Moray. II. Adele Filleul, a French authoress, mother of the preceding, born in the chateau of Longpre in Normandy, May 14, 1761, died in Paris, April 16, 1836. Her second husband was the marquis Jose Muria de Souza Botelho (born in Oporto, March 0, 1758, died in Paris, June 1, 1825), who was for some time Portuguese ambassador in Paris, and who prepared a valuable edition of Camo- Lusiad." Her first and best work, Adele de Senanges, ou Lettres de Lord Sydenfiam, ap- peared in London in 1794, with a preface by the marquis de Montesquiou. It was followed in 1799 by JEmilie et Alphonse, and by a series of other works, a complete edition of which appeared in Paris in 1821-'2 (6 vols. 8vo and 12 vols. 12mo). A charming representation of the best French society in the 18th century is found in her writings. FLAMBOROUGH HEAD, a promontory on the coast of Yorkshire, England, in lat. 54 7' N., Ion. 5' W. It^is a range of steep and in some places perpendicular chalk cliffs, some of which rise to a height of 450 ft. On the head- land stands a lighthouse 214 ft. above the sea, with a revolving light visible at a distance of 30 m. The cliffs are perforated by numerous caverns, which during the summer are resorted to by immense numbers of sea fowl. The ruins of an ancient tower and a Danish intrenchment are on the summit, and Flamborough village stands near the centre of the promontory. FLAME, the luminous appearance caused by the combustion of gases or vapors. When a liquid or solid is burned so as to form a flame, it is first converted into gas or vapor. The small blue flame which appears upon burning charcoal is caused by the union of atmospheric oxygen with the carbonic oxide gas which is the first product of the union of oxygen with carbon. The structure of a flame is best ob- served in the burning of a sperm or tallow candle, or an oil lamp having a solid wick. In the candle flame, represented in sec- tion in fig. 1, the central dark inner cone , surrounding the wick and proceeding to a point a short distance above it, is chief- ly composed of light and heavy carburetted hydrogen gases, formed by the action of heat on the melted fat, and such as are contained in common illumina- ting gas, of nitrogen obtained from the air, of watery vapor, and also of carbonic oxide and carbonic acid gases. In the blue zone, J, at the base of the flame, the gas of the base of the inner cone is completely burned by oxygen less rarefied than that which reaches other parts of the flame. This zone has the same character as the inner flame of the blowpipe. That part of the flame which furnishes the principal part of its light is called the luminous cone, represented at c. Its base surrounds the inner cone, its apex reaching above it. It is luminous in consequence of the incandescence of numerous minute particles of solid carbon which have been formed by the abstraction of the constituent hydrogen of the carbo-hydro- gen gas, and its union with atmospheric oxy- gen. The supply of oxygen to the inner parts of this flame is not sufficient to consume the carbon, but the combustion of hydrogen fur- nishes sufficient heat to produce white light in -tf. TIG. 1.
