an essay on the dispute between Geoffrey
Saint-Hilaire and Cuvier, on the question of
unity of composition in the animal kingdom;
and his last words were, “More light.” He
was then in the 83d year of his age. A seal,
with an inscription from one of his own poems,
Ohne Hast, ohne Rast, sent to him on his birthday
in 1831, by 15 Englishmen, had given him
great delight, for among the Englishmen who
participated in the homage were Wordsworth,
Scott, Southey, Wilson, Lockhart, and Carlyle.
Goethe was the master spirit, the spokesman,
as Carlyle says, of his age, the artist par excellence
of the 19th century. The letters of Goethe
are among the best illustrations of his character.
They are, in the chronological order of
the periods covered by their dates, those to
friends in Leipsic (published in 1849), to Merck
(1835-'47), to Jacobi (1846), to Lavater (1833),
to Herder (1858), to Knebel (1851), to
Klopstock (1833), to the countess Augusta of Stolberg
(1839), to Frau von Stein (1848-'51); his
correspondence with Schiller (6 vols., 1828-'9;
2d ed., 1856; translated into English by G. H.
Calvert, Boston, 1845), with Zelter (6 vols.,
1833-'4), with A. W. von Schlegel (1846), with
the baron von Stein (1846), with Nikolaus
Meyer (1856), with Döbereiner (1856), with
Reinhard (1850), with Grüner (1853), with C.
F. L. Schultz (1836), and with the councillor
Schultz (1853); Goethe's Briefe und Aufsätze
aus den Jahren l766-'86 (Weimar, 1856);
“Goethe's Correspondence with the Brothers
Humboldt, 1795 to 1832,” edited by Prof. Bratanek
(3 vols., Cracow, 1873); and his
Naturwissenschaftliche Correspondenz (2 vols., Leipsic,
1874). His “Correspondence with a Child”
(Elisabeth or Bettina von Arnim) is not genuine.
(See Lewes's “ Life of Goethe.”) The most
important notices by his contemporaries are those
of Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe (Leipsic,
1836; translated into English by Margaret
Fuller, Boston, 1839), and Falk, Goethe aus persönlichem
Umgang dargestellt (Leipsic, 1832). The
best biographies are by Viehoff (4 vols., Stuttgart,
1854; 3d ed., 1873), Schäfer (2 vols., Bremen,
1851; 2d ed., 1858), and G. H. Lewes (2
vols., London, 1855; translated into German,
Berlin, 1857-'8; new ed., abridged, 1873).
Among recent works relating to Goethe are:
“Goethe and Mendelssohn,” by Karl Mendelssohn
(English translation, London, 1872);
Gœthe: ses œuvres expliqués par sa vie, by A.
Mézières (Paris, 1872); and Les maîtresses de Gœthe,
by Henri Blase de Bury (Paris, 1873). Bayard
Taylor and Karl Goedike have lives of Goethe in
preparation. The oldest complete edition of
his works is that of Stuttgart and Tübingen (40
vols., 1827-'31, to which his posthumous works
were added, 15 vols., 1833-'4). Subsequent
editions are numerous; the best are the latest,
published by Cotta (30 vols. 12mo, and 12 vols.
8vo, Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1856-'60). Many
of his works have been translated into different
languages. Among the best into English
are “Götz von Berlichingen,” by Walter Scott
(1799); “Wilhelm Meister,” by Thomas
Carlyle (1824); “Truth and Poetry,” by Parke
Godwin (1847); and “Hermann and
Dorothea,” by Miss Ellen Frothingham (1870). Of
“Faust” there have been many translations;
the best are those of Charles T. Brooks (Boston,
1857), and Bayard Taylor (Boston, 1870-'72).
A monument to Goethe, to be executed
by Schäfer, and erected in the Thiergarten,
Berlin, was commenced in 1873.
GOFFE, William, an English regicide, born
about 1605, died in Hadley, Mass., in 1679.
He was one of the most fervent of the Puritans,
was a devoted adherent of Cromwell, one of
the best officers of the parliamentary army, and
one of the judges who tried Charles I. After
the death of the protector and the restora-
tion of the Stuarts he escaped to America, and
was in 1660, with his father-in-law Edward
Whalley, received with courtesy by Gov. En-
dicott at Boston. Warrants soon after arrived
for their arrest, a price was set on their heads,
and Indians as well as English were sent in
pursuit of them. They removed from house
to house, living in mills, in the clefts of rocks
on the seashore, and in caves in the forests.
They hid themselves for months in a cavern
near New Haven, from which they issued only
by night. This retreat was discovered, and
they fled successively to Milford, Derby, and
Branford. At length they found an asylum
in the house of a clergyman at Hadley, where
Goffe passed the remaining 15 years of his life.
In 1675 the town of Hadley was surprised du-
ring a religious service by the Pokanoket In-
dians under their celebrated chieftain Philip.
The inhabitants were about to fall beneath the
tomahawk when an old man with a long white
beard appeared in the church, rallied the dis-
heartened colonists, disposed them for a charge
upon the Indians which he himself led, and put
the savages to flight. This was Goffe, who in
the moment of victory disappeared again for
ever, leaving the colonists in the persuasion
that a heavenly messenger had fought for them.
GOG AND MAGOG. These names occur un-
connected in Genesis and 1 Chronicles as the
names of several persons ; Magog, in the ethno-
logical table of the former book (ch. x.), be-
ing the second son of Japheth, and brother of
Gomer and Madai, who are generally consid-
ered to represent the Cimmerians and Medes
respectively. In Ezekiel Gog and Magog are
connectedly used to designate a prince and a
people of the north, apparently of the Scythian
race. In the book of Revelations the words
denote the enemies of Christianity who were
doomed to destruction. The two famous effi-
gies in Guildhall, London, known as Gog and
Magog, have been from time immemorial the
pride of the city. There are various legends
relating to them. According to one, they rep-
resent the last survivors of a race of giants
who infested Britain, and were extirpated by
the Trojans who came there soon after tho
destruction of Troy. They were chained as
