106 LA GRANJA le calcul des fonctions (last ed., 1806) ; but the ideas in these books are far from being as per- fect as the method of fluxions and its kindred doctrines. On the foundation of the institute and the board of longitude, he was placed among the members of the former, and at the head of the latter. On the entrance of the French army into Turin, the generals and many high functionaries, headed by the civil com- missary, went in procession, by order of the di- rectory, to congratulate Lagrange's father, then 90 years of age, on the merits of his son. Napo- leon made him a senator and a count of the em- pire, and styled him the " high pyramid of math- ematical sciences." His last years were devoted to preparing new editions of his Mecanique analytique (2 vols. 4to, 1811-'15), and Theorie des fonctions analytiques (4to, 1813). An edi- tion of his complete works was published in 1867-'70, at the cost of the government. LA GRANJA, or San Ildefonso, a small town of Spain, in the province of Segovia, 34 in. N. N.W. of Madrid, renowned for its romantic situation on the N. declivity of the Sierra Guadarrama, and for a fine palace built by Philip V. (1724-7) at an elevation of nearly 4,000 ft., with plea- sure grounds, in imitation of Versailles. One of the fountains (fuente de lafama) rises 150 ft. The royal family resided here in summer, and here Maria Christina was surprised in the night of Aug. 13, 1836, by a number of exalta- dos, who had bribed her guards, and who obliged her to agree to restore the constitution of 1812, whence the name of "revolution of La Gran- ja." Philip V. and his queen are buried in the church of the town. A manufactory after the model of Sevres has been established here, but with little success. In the vicinity are various villas and parks which belong to the royal family. LA GUAYRA, or Lagnaira, a seaport of Vene- zuela, on the Caribbean sea, 5m. N. E. of Cara- cas, of which it is the port; lat. 10 36' K, Ion. 66 57' W. ; pop. about 6,000. It com- prises only two streets running E. and W., and occupies a narrow strip of land between the mountains and the sea; the houses are well built, and there are one or two good public edifices. The port is a deep bay with several creeks, the principal of which is that of Ma- cuto to the east. The bottom is regular, and there is 15 ft. of water at a cable's length from the shore ; but there being no shelter against the prevailing easterly winds, the anchorage is unsafe, and landing is often attended with great danger. Although La Guayra is the most extensively frequented port on the coast, ships after discharging their cargo commonly go to Puerto Cabello in search of safer anchor- age and for repairs. The fort of Cerro Colo- rado commands the town; and the coast is lined at intervals with numerous batteries, most of which are, however, without arma- ment. The principal commercial houses are branches of establishments in Caracas. The shipping averages about 200 vessels annually, LA HARPE with an aggregate of 40,000 tons. The chief articles of export are coffee, cacao, indigo, hides, and sarsaparilla ; the imports include machi- nery, manufactured goods, flour, and wine ; and the total annual value of both exports and im- ports is estimated at $8,000,000. There is be- sides an extensive coasting trade in the various productions of the country for Caracas, with which communication is carried on by a car- riage road 12 m. long. The climate is healthy, although the heat, the greatest on the Caribbean shores, except that of Maracaibo, is excessive, ranging from 100 to. 110 F. LA HARPE, Frederic Cesar, a Swiss statesman, born at Rolle in 1754, died in Lausanne, March 30, 1838. He was educated in democratic opinions, and began the practice of law, but, disliking the profession, was on the eve of go- ing to the United States to enlist in the conti- nental army, when he became preceptor of a young Russian nobleman, whom he accompa- nied to Italy. His success attracted the atten- tion of the empress Catharine II., who called him to St. Petersburg, confided to his care her two grandsons, Alexander and Constantine, and gave him the grade of colonel. The republican preceptor subjected the young princes to severe training, and taught them principles and ideas which seldom find their way into courts. On the breaking out of the French revolution, he actively participated by his writings in the plans for reorganizing the Helvetian confeder- ation so as to make it a single and undivided republic. The government at Bern having made this known to the empress, she dismissed him, with a pension for life. Leaving Russia in 1793, he went to Geneva, and then to Paris, where he secured the intervention of the direc- tory, thus accomplishing the revolution of 1798 by which Switzerland was to become a dem- ocratic republic. He became the controlling member of the Helvetic executive directory, and wielded with energy, and even violence, the power he had acquired through foreign arms ; but his hopes were dispelled by the change in French policy after the 1 8th Brumaire. The Hel- vetian directory was dissolved, and La Harpe, suspected of conspiring against the new order of things, was arrested ; but he escaped to Paris, and was told by Bonaparte that he had better leave .Switzerland alone. He then retired to Plessis-Piquet, near Paris, where he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, until the fall of the empire revived his hopes of his country's emancipation. In 1814 he received a visit from the emperor Alexander, who gave him the rank of general in the Russian army and bestowed upon him many distinguished favors. La Harpe resumed his influence over the mind of his former pupil ; and if he could not prevail upon him to favor his democratic plans in re- gard to Switzerland, he at least contributed to the preservation of that confederation, and to the liberation of his own canton of Vaud from the rule of Bern. After the treaty of Vienna he resided in Lausanne. He published a num-
