KOLDEWEY KOLOSHES 39 KOLDEWEY, Karl, a German explorer, born at Bticken, Hanover, Oct. 26, 1837. He quali- fied himself for maritime life in the Bremen commercial navy, at the polytechnic school of Hanover, and at the university of Gottingen. He commanded in 1868 the first, and in 1869 the second arctic expedition sent out by Dr. Petermann, and published accounts of them in that geographer's Mittheilungen. In 1871 he became first assistant in the observatory at Hamburg, and prepared under Dove's direction the meteorological and hydrographical results of the arctic voyage (Berlin, 1871-'2). KOLDING, a town of Jutland, Denmark, on the Koldingfiord (a large bay of the Little Belt), and on the railway from Flensburg to Fri- dericia, about 10 m. W. S. W. of the latter town ; pop. in 1870, 5,400. It contains the fine re- mains of Koldinghuus, a castle built in the 13th century as a royal residence, and burned in 1808. Here the Schleswig-Holstein troops de- feated the Danes, and stormed the town, April 23, 1849. About 7 m. from Kolding is the hill of Samlingsbanke, formerly included in Schles- wig, where immense meetings were held prior to 1848 to protest against the separation from Denmark. The obelisk on this spot was pulled down by the Germans in 1864; but it was restored by the Danes, who by the boundary treaty retained possession of the locality. KOLIX, or Kollin, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 35 m. E. of Prague, on the railway from Vienna; pop. in 1870, 9,460. It consists of the city proper, which is surrounded by a wall, and four suburbs. It has a Gothic church, an old castle with fine grounds, a convent founded in 1666, a council house, and several factories. An obelisk was erected here in 1842 in hon- or of a victory gained June 18, 1757, by the Austrians over Frederick the Great. An inn is still in existence which was in the centre of Frederick's position, and from the windows of which he commanded his army. KOLLAR, Jan, a Slavic scholar and poet, born in N. W. Hungary in 1793, died in Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. He studied at Presburg and Jena, took orders, and in 1819 became preach- er to an evangelical congregation at Pesth. In 1849 he was made professor of archaeology in the university of Vienna. Being a Slovak by birth, he became a champion of the national Deration of his race, and the most zealous, if not the first, advocate of Panslavism, or of a union, literary and political, of all Slavic tribes. He developed this tendency in poetical works, written mostly in the Czech language, as well as in disquisitions on the antiquities of the Slavs. Among the former are his Edsne (" Poems," 1821), Slawy dcera (" The Daughter of Glory"), his most celebrated work, and Narodnie spiewanky (a collection of Slovak " Popular Songs") ; among the latter, Rozpra- wy o imenach (" Treatises on the Names " of the ancient Slavs), Slawa ~bohyni ("God- dess Slava "), " On the Literary Kelation of the Slavic Tribes and Dialects " (in German), Cesto- pis ("A Journey" for antiquarian purposes to northern Italy), and " Ancient Slavic Italy," a work in German, which was published after his death (Vienna, 1853). A complete edi- tion of his Spisy (" Writings ") was published in Prague (4 vols., 1860-'65). KOLLIKKK, Rudolf Albert, a German physi- ologist and inicroscopist, born in Zurich, July 6, 1817. He studied at the gymnasium and university of his native town till 1839, when he went to Rome and soon after to Berlin. In the last named place he began the important microscopic investigations that first gave him his fame as a physiologist. His attention had first been directed to this branch of study while on a visit to the island of Fohr, off the coast of Schleswig, in 1840, and from that time he devoted himself almost exclusively to it. In 1842 he was appointed assistant to Henle at Zurich, and in 1845 adjunct professor of physi- ology and comparative anatomy. In 1847 he became professor of the same branches at Wurzburg, and in 1849 of anatomy there. He has published Verzeichniss der Phanerogamen des Cantons Zurich (Zurich, 1839); Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Geschlechtsverhaltnisse und der Samenflmsiglceit wirlelloser Thiere (Berlin, 1841) ; De prima Insectorum Genesi (Zurich, 1842) ; Entwickelung der Cephalopoden (1844) ; Microscopische Anatomie (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850- '54); Handbuch der Gewebelehre (1852; 5th ed., 1867); Die Entwiclcelung des MenscJien (1861); and Icones Histologicw (1864). He has been a frequent contributor to scientific peri- odicals, and was one of the founders of the medico-physical society of Wurzburg. He ranks among the greatest histologists ; and his works, the chief of which have been translated into English, belong to the highest authorities in anatomical science. KOLOMNA, a town of Eussia, in the govern- ment and 63 m. S. E. of the city of Moscow, near the confluence of the Moskva with the Oka, and on the great central railway; pop. in 1867, 19,890. It has an old citadel, a flourishing industry, and an important trade in provisions. In 1237 the Russians suffered here a crushing defeat by the Mongolians under Batu Khan. KOLOSHES, a name applied by the Russians to a family of Indian tribes on the N. W. coast of America, extending from lat. 54 40' to the Atna or Copper river, and comprising the Hydas, Hennegas, Tongas, Stikeens, Kakes, Koas, Kutznus, Awks, Sundowns, Takos, Chil- kahts, Hoodsuahoos, Hunnas, and Sitkas. Each tribe is divided into clans, like those in some of the eastern nations, and named the Bear, Eagle, Crow, Whale, and Wolf; and none can intermarry in his own clan. Descent is in the female line. They are a shrewd, bold, per- fidious people, evincing considerable ingenuity and skill. They are unprepossessing in ap- pearance, paint their faces, and wear a pin thrust through the lower lip. Their houses are of planks, set upright and roofed with bark,
