KONIGGRATZ KONIGSBERG vishes, who subsist on alms. The inhabitants are principally engaged in the manufacture of carpets, and of blue and yellow leather. They carry on a lively trade with Smyrna. The an- cient Iconium, which is mentioned by Xeno- phon, Cicero, and Strabo, and in the history of the apostles, was the capital of Lycaonia, but rose to importance only after the taking of Mcasa by the crusa- ders. The Seljuk sov- ereigns of Roum made the town their capital in the latter part of the llth century; Freder- ick Barbarossa assault- ed it in 1190 ; the sons of Genghis Khan sub- sequently became mas- ters of it ; and Bajazet II. made it the capital of Caramania in 1486. Ibrahim Pasha won here a decisive victory over the Turks, Dec. 30, 1832. RONIGGRATZ (Boh. Hradec Krdlove), a for- tified town of Bohe- mia, at the junction of the Adler and the up- per Elbe, 65 m. E. by N. of Prague ; pop. in 1870, 5,515. It is the capital of a large cir- cle, has four suburbs, and is the seat of a bish- opric. It contains an old palace and a fine cathedral, and musical instruments, gloves, rax candles, and other articles are manufac- tured. It is famous for the victory achieved in its vicinity, July 3, 1866, by the Prussians over the Austrians, generally known as the ">attle of Sadowa. (See SADOWA.) RONIGINHOF (Boh. Kralodvor), a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 62 m. N". E. of Prague ; pop. in 1870, 6,222. In the spire of the parish church the Eulcopis Kralodvorsky ("Manu- script of Koniginhof "), a collection of epic and lyric Bohemian poems, was discovered in 1817 by Hanka. Many critics doubt its genu- ineness, while others, including Palacky, assign its origin to the end of the 13th or the begin- mng^of the 14th century. ROMGSBEKG, a fortified city of Prussia, cap- ital of an administrative district and circle of the same name, in the province of East Prus- sia, on the river Pregel, about 5 m. from its mtrance into the Frisches Haff, an inlet of the altic, 335 m. N. E. of Berlin, and 75 m. E. K 5. of Dantzic; pop. in 1871, 112,123. The ity is subdivided into the Altstadt on the west, the Lobenicht on the east, both lying high, and the Kneiphof, a low island on the Pregel, which is crossed by seven stone bridges and an iron railway bridge. There are also four suburbs. A railway connects Konigsberg with Berlin on the one hand and with St. Peters- burg on the other. Its port is Pillau, 20 m. W., on the Baltic, at the entrance of the Frisches Haff. There is a considerable trade, mostly with Great Britain ; the exports are bread- stuffs, flax, hemp, oil seeds, bones, timber, &c. ; the imports, colonial produce, iron, coal, cot- ton, and raw sugars. The chief manufactures KOnigsberg Cathedral. are textile fabrics, soap, leather, and starch. Sugar and silver refining, brewing, and distill- ing are carried on. Much amber was formerly found here, but the production has fallen off. The sturgeon fishery is important. The en- trances and clearances in 1871 amounted to 3,276 vessels of 563,046 tons. The navigation of the river averages an annual entrance and clearance of 8,900 vessels. The city has 21 churches, a synagogue, an exchange, a city hall, a theatre, two theological seminaries, three gymnasia, schools of all branches of fine arts, science, industry, and commerce, six hospitals, deaf and dumb and blind asylums, and many other charitable institutions. The most im- posing public btiilding is the cathedral, a Gothic structure, in which the religious service of the Reformed church was introduced in 1523. In a porch outside of the cathedral rest the re- mains of Kant, who was a native of Konigs- berg. The Schloss, or palace, now used for government offices, was once the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic order, by whom the city was founded in 1255-'7, and also of the first dukes of Prussia. The uni- versity, founded in 1544 by Duke Albert, and hence called the Albertine university, was in a prosperous condition in the 16th century, when the attendance of students, now only 600, was nearly 2,000. Since the castle and city libraries were placed in the university, it has a library of 220,000 volumes, numerous manuscripts, and valuable collections of incu- nabula and engravings. It also contains five clinical schools, a botanic garden, and a cele- brated observatory, which was under the di-
