KOSEGAKTEN KOSSUTH 49 land, making his home at Solothurn, whence in the following year he sent a deed of manumis- sion to all the serfs upon his Polish estate. His death was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. His remains were removed by the emperor Alexander to the cathedral church of Cracow, where they repose by the side of Poniatowski and Sobieski. Near Cra- cow there is a mound of earth 150 ft. high, which was raised to his memory by the people, earth being brought from every great battle field of Poland. From a fancied resemblance in shape to this tumulus, the loftiest known mountain in Australia has received the name of Mount Kosciusko. KOSEGARTEN, Johann Gottfried Ludwig, a Ger- man orientalist, son of the poet Ludwig Theo- bul Kosegarten, born in Altenkirchen, Sept. 10, 1792, died in Greifswald, Aug. 18, 1860. He went to Paris in 1812 to study the oriental languages under Chezy and Sylvestre de Sacy. On his return to Germany in 1815 he was ap- pointed to the chair of oriental literature at Greifswald, and in 1817 he accepted the same professorship at Jena, but returned in 1824 to Greifswald. Among his works are an edition of the Moallaka of the Arabian poet Amru ben Kelthum (Jena, 1819) ; German translations of the Indian poem Nala (1820), and of Tuti na- meh, a collection of Persian tales, made in col- laboration with Iken (Stuttgart, 1822) ; editions of the Arabian annals of Tabari (1831), of the collection of songs entitled Kitab al-Aghdni (1840), and of Indian fables entitled Pantscha- tantra (Bonn, 1848); Die Geschichte der Uni- versitdt Greifswald (Greifswald, 1856-'7) ; and several works on the history of Pomerania. . ROSEL, a fortified town of Prussia, in the province of Silesia, on the Oder, and at the mouth of the Plodnitz, 25 m. S. S. E. of Oppeln; pop. in 1871, 4,517. It has a cas- tle, two churches, a synagogue, and consider- able trade. From 1306 to 1359 it was the cap- ital of a duchy. KOSLIJV, a town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, 85 m. N. E. of Stettin ; pop. in 1871, 13,360. It is the seat of a court of ap- peal, and has four churches, a gymnasium, and a normal school. On the public place is the statue of Frederick William I., who in 1718 rebuilt the town when the larger portion of it had been destroyed by a conflagration. A railway connects it with Stettin. KOSLOV. See KOZLOV. KOSSUTH, a N. county of Iowa, drained by a branch of Des Moines river; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,351. It has an undulating surface and a fertile soil. The Iowa and Da- kota division of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroad is in operation to the county seat. The chief productions in 1870 were 52,288 bushels of wheat, 65,137 of Indian corn, 67,825 of oats, 10,449 of potatoes, 86,131 Ibs. of butter, and 7,442 tons of hay. There were 891 horses, 874 milch cows, 1,784 other cattle, 424 sheep, and 1,198 swine. Capital, Algona. KOSSUTH, Lajos (Louis), a Hungarian patriot, born at Monok, county of Zemplen, April 27, 1802. His family, of Slavic descent, were Lu- therans and noble. His father, a lawyer, gave his children a liberal education. Lajos, the only son, received his first classical instruction in the gymnasium of the Piarists at Ujhely, studied at Eperies, and passed through a legal and philosophical course at the college of Pa- tak. The spirit which animated this last insti- tution has almost always been one of opposi- tion to the rule of Austria. Kossuth was well read in history, and spoke with almost equal fluency Magyar, Slovak, German, French, and Latin, the last of which was still in part the legal language of his country. Shortly after leaving college, he was appointed an assessor in the assembly of his native county, and soon became noted as a liberal, exceedingly popular with the lower classes, and was for some time manager of the estates of the countess Szapary in Zemplen. In the diet of 1832-'6 he was proxy of a magnate or member of the upper house, in which capacity he had a deliberative voice, but no vote, in the lower. This diet ranks among the more important assemblies of modern Hungary. Its debates, closely follow- ing the Polish tragedy of 1831, were watched with lively anxiety by the patriots, but their publication was hindered by severe restrictions. The opposition, at the suggestion of Kossuth, resorted to the extraordinary means of a writ- ten newspaper, the Orszdggyulesi tudositdsok (" Parliamentary Communications "). Extracts and comments were dictated by Kossuth to a large number of copyists, and widely circu- lated. After the close of the diet Kossuth endeavored to continue his activity by a lith- ographic paper, Tdrvenyhatosdgi tiidositdsole (" Municipal Communications "), edited in Pesth ; but the government prohibited its pub- lication. Kossuth resisted, putting himself un- der the protection of the county of Pesth. The government sent its prohibition to the lat- ter. The assembly^ refused to obey, declaring all censorship unconstitutional. Numerous other counties supported Kossuth with equal zeal. He, with several other advocates of the popular cause, was seized in the night (May 2, 1837), tried for treason, and condemned to four years' imprisonment. A general outburst of indignation and an unprecedented agitation followed. The liberals carried the elections for the diet of 1839-'40, and answered the gov- ernment propositions, the principal of which were demands for subsidies in money and men, with a demand for the liberation of the pris- oners. The Thiers ministry in France threat- ened a general movement in Europe, which was then agitated by the Egyptian question, and the cabinet of Vienna was compelled to yield. Kossuth's liberation was hailed with loud de- monstrations. The laws of 1840, enacted un- der the leadership of Deak, gave new vigor to the opposition. At this juncture Landerer, a publisher of Pesth, having received a license
