LABOUCHERE LABOURDONNAIS 71 and co. of Amsterdam, and settled in England, where lie married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. The son was educated at Oxford, and in 1826 entered parliament as member for St. Michael's. About the same time he visited America, to study the operation of republican institutions, which confirmed his liberal opin- ions, and he was long recognized as one of the most prominent leaders of the British liberal party. He sat for St. Michael's till 1830, when he was returned for Taunton, retaining this seat by successive reflections till 1859, when he was raised to the peerage. From 1832 to 1834 he was one of the lords of the admiralty, and from 1835 to 1839 vice president of the board of trade, master of the mint, and privy councillor. He was chief secretary for Ire- land from 1846 to 1847, president of the board of trade from 1847 to 1852, and from 1855 to 1858 secretary of state for the colonies. As he had no male heir, his title became ex- tinct at his death. II. Henry Du Pre, an Eng- lish politician, nephew of the preceding, born in London in 1831. He was in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864, and was a liberal member of parliament from July, 1865, to April, 1866, and from April, 1867^ to Novem- ber, 18G8. During the siege of Paris he was correspondent of the London "Daily News," and his letters were published as the " Diary of a Besieged Resident in Paris" (London, 1871). LABOl ( HERE, Pierre Antoine, a French paint- er, born in Nantes about 1818. He comple- ted his studies under Delaroche, and became known as a historical painter, most of his works relating to Luther, Ulrich von Hutten, Melanchthon, and Erasmus. Among the more recent ones are " The Death of Luther " and "Charles V." (1866). LA BOUERE, Antoine Xavier Gabriel de Ga- zean, count de, a French painter, born at La Bouere, department of Maine-et-Loire, Oct. 1, 1801. He is a son of a Vendean general of the same name, and was aide-de-camp in Spain in 1823, and in Algeria in 1830. Subsequent- ly he studied painting, and exhibited many pictures under the name of Tancrede de La Bouere, including "Views of Algiers," "Ruins of Thebes," "The Desert of Suez," "The Valley of Tombs in Nubia," " Ruins of Kar- nak," "The Pontine Marshes," and others, which are in the Luxembourg and some pro- vincial galleries, and the museum at Copenha- gen. His "Views of the Alhambra" have been purchased by the government. LABOULA1E. I. Edonard Rene Lefebvre, a French author, born in Paris, Jan. 18, 1811. He studied law, and became known first by his Histoire du droit de propriete fonciere en Eu- rope depuis Constantin jusqu 1 a nos jours (8vo, Paris, 1839). In 1842 he published Essai sur la vie et les doctrines de Frederic Charles de Savigny, and the same year he became an ad- vocate of the royal court of Paris. Two other elaborate works followed, RechercTies sur la condition civile et politique des femmes, de- les Romains jusqii'd nos jours (1843), and Essai sur les lois criminelles des Romains concernant la responsaMlite des magistrats (1845). In 1845 he was elected a member of the academy of inscriptions, and in 1849 he became professor of comparative legislation in the college de France. Under the empire Laboulaye took part in various attempts of the liberal party to direct public opinion, and was several times an unsuccessful candidate for the corps ISgislatif. A firm friend of the United States and of republican institutions, he took a deep interest in our civil war, and publicly expressed his sympathy, both in his writings and his speeches, with the federal government. In 1870 he was a member of the commission of inquiry into the administrative organization of the city of Paris and of the department of the Seine, and some weeks before the plebiscite of Napoleon he publicly advocated the neces- sity of an affirmative vote. In July, 1871, he was elected to the national assembly, and was made president of the commission for the reor- ganization of superior instruction. In March, 1873, he was appointed director of the college de France. Among his works not already mentioned are : Histoire politique des Etats- Unis, 1620-1789 (3 vols. 8vo, 1855-'66); Les Etats- Unis et la France (1862) ; I?fitat et ses li- mites (1863) ; Paris en Amerique (18mo, 1863) ; Les memoires et la correspondance de Frank- lin (1866) ; and Lettres politiques (1872). He has published also a number of tales and trans- lations, and contributed numerous articles to the leading periodicals. II. Charles Pierre Le- febvre, a French industrialist, brother of the preceding, born in Paris in 1813. He entered the army as lieutenant of artillery, but resigned in 1836 and devoted himself to the industrial arts. He turned his attention specially to the founding of metallic type, and he is the in- ventor of many ingenious and valuable pro- cesses and machines for type making. He was also the editor and principal writer of the Dic- tionnaire des arts et manufactures (2 vols. 8vo, 1847; 3d ed., 1867), and the author of a num- ber of valuable treatises on mechanics, indus- trial art, the mechanical equivalent of heat, &c. LABOURDOMAIS, or Labonrdonnaie, Bertrand Francois Mane de, a French naval officer, born in St. Malo, Feb. 11, 1699, died about 1755. He entered the service of the French East In- dia company as a lieutenant in 1718, and be- came a captain in 1724. In 1734 he was ap- pointed director general of the isles of Franco and Bourbon. These colonies, which he found in a state of anarchy, grew rapidly in pros- i perity under his government, and became the ' depots of commerce between Europe and the Indies. He built fortifications, aqueducts, quays, canals, hospitals, and ship yards, and introduced the culture of manioc, sugar, indigo, and cot- ton. In 1746, during the war between Eng- land and France, he improvised a fleet, dis- persed the squadron of Admiral Barnet before Madras, and bombarded the city, which sur-
