146 PASCHAL manuscript which is preserved in the national library at Paris. In 1844 Prosper Faugere, following up Cousin's suggestions, issued a more correct edition of the Pensees, lettres et fragments de Blaise Pascal (2 vols. 8vo). This gave rise to a controversy respecting the work itself and what has been styled the skepticism of Pascal, to which we are indebted for the following works among others : Cousin's Blaise Pascal (1849); Sainte-Beuve's Port Royal and Portraits litteraires ; and the abbe Flottes and A. Vinet's Etudes sur Pascal (1846 and 1848). The Pensees, opuscules et lettres, edited by Plon in accordance with the original manu- script, appeared at Paris in 1873, and Pensees de Blaise Pascal, edition de 1670, with illus- trations by Gaucherel, in 1874. The life of Pascal by Mme Perier has been the foundation of numerous later biographies. The Pensees and Lettres provinciates have been several times translated into English. The younger sister of Pascal, JACQUELINE (1625-'61), left some miscellaneous works, letters, and verses, which have been collected by Faugere (Paris, 1845), and by Cousin in his biography of her (Paris, 1849). PASCHAL II., pope (RANIERI OF BIEDA), born in Tuscany, died Jan. 21, 1118. He was a monk of the order of Cluny, and was made cardinal by Pope Gregory VII. He was elect- ed pope on Aug. 13, 1099, and almost imme- diately renewed the struggle with the German emperor on the subject of investitures. He excommunicated Henry IV. in 1102, where- upon that emperor's son revolted and caused himself to be acknowledged as Henry V. ; but in the matter of investitures he proved as unyielding as his father. Paschal proposed a compromise, but the bishops would not con- sent to it, and when Henry arrived at Rome to be crowned in 1110 the negotiation was bro- ken off, and the pope refused to perform the coronation ceremony. The emperor thereupon seized the pontiff's person, treated him with great indignity, and after keeping him prisoner two months extorted from him the permission to invest the prelates of his kingdom with ring and crosier, provided their election was free, received the imperial crown, and went back to Germany. Paschal, stricken with remorse, wished to abdicate, but was prevented by the cardinals. In 1112 he summoned a council in the Lateran basilica, and submitted his con- duct to its judgment. His cession of the right of investiture was solemnly condemned. The result was a rebellion of some of the turbulent German barons, but Henry soon subdued them, and marching upon Rome compelled the pope to flee to Benevento. After the emperor's re- turn, Paschal made vigorous preparations for war, but died before he could take the field. He had also been involved in a dispute with Henry I. of England on the same subject, but a compromise was effected in 1108, whereby the king surrendered the most obnoxious part of the ceremony of investiture, the collation of PASKEVITCH the ring and crosier, and retained the right of nominating bishops and abbots and exacting from them fealty and homage. PAS-DE-CALAIS, a N. department of France, formed principally from the old province of Artois, bordering on the strait of Dover (Fr. Pas de Calais} and the departments of Le Nord and Somme ; area, 2,550 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 761,158. It is intersected from S. E. to N. W. by a chain of hills which give rise to several rivers, the most important of which are the Scarpe and the Lys, branches of the Scheldt, and the Aa and the Canche, flowing respective- ly into the North sea and the English channel. These rivers are navigable and are united by canals. The Northern railway and its branch- es cross the department. Coal is found in small quantities. The soil is marshy in some districts, but is generally fertile. Much land is devoted to sugar beets. The manufactures are of tulles, cotton and linen stuffs and yarns, spirits, leather, gunpowder, soap, glass, and earthenware. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Arras, Boulogne, Mon- treuil, St. Omer, Bethune, and St. Pol. Capi- tal, Arras. PASHA, or Bashaw, in Turkey, a title given to a governor of a province, a minister, or a naval and military commander of high rank. Pashas of the first rank are called pashas of three tails, that number of horse tails having been formerly carried before them as a stand- ard when they appeared in public. Before those of inferior rank two horse tails were borne. This display has been discontinued except perhaps in some of the Barbary prov- inces. The title is probably of Persian origin. Some derive it from the Turkish lash, a head or chief ; others, and among them Vattel, from the Persian pai, foot, and shah, king, *. e., the king's subordinate. It is very ancient, a sim- ilar term, pe'ha, being used in the Hebrew Scriptures to designate the viceroys or gov- ernors of provinces of the Assyrian, Baby- lonian, and old Persian empires. The office corresponds to that of the ancient Persian satraps. Until recently the Turkish pashas were entirely absolute in the administration of their provinces, but now their power is check- ed by local councils and by courts of appeal. PASHT. See BTJBASTIS. PASIPHAE. See Mmos. PASKEVITCH, Ivan Fr dorovitcli, prince of War- saw, a Russian soldier, born in Poltava, May 19, 1782, died in Warsaw, Feb. 1, 1856. He was educated at St. Petersburg, became a page of the emperor Paul, and in 1800 entered the army. He served with distinction in the earlier campaigns of the reign of Alexander I., and in those of 1812-'14 at Smolensk, Moscow, Leipsic, and in France. 'In 1826, on the out- break of the war against Persia, Jie was ap- pointed by Nicholas to command under Yermo- loff. Having achieved considerable successes over the Persians under Abbas Mirza, he suc- ceeded Yermoloff in the chief command in 1827,
