220 RAVIGNAN RAWLINSON capture, by Astolphus, one of his successors, in 752. Luitprand destroyed the ancient port of Classis. When Pepin had conquered the Lom- bards he made a present of Kavenna to the pope, and with occasional interruptions it be- longed to the Papal States till 1860. From 1441 to 1508 it was in the hands of the Vene- tians, but the league of Cambrai placed it again under the pope. It is celebrated for the great victory gained under its walls by the French under Gaston de Foix, who fell in the action, over the Spaniards and the troops of Pope Ju- lius II., April 11, 1512. (See GASTON DE Foix.) RAVIGXAN, Gnstave Xavler Delacroix de, a French preacher, born in Bayonne, Dec. 2, 1795, died in Paris, Feb. 26, 1858. He studied law, and in 1821 became counsellor to the royal court of Paris, and deputy attorney general near the tribunal of the Seine. He resigned and entered the Jesuit novitiate at Montrouge in 1822, was ordained priest in 1828, and taught theology at St. Acheul till 1830, and afterward at Brig in the Valais till 1833. His Lenten sermon in the cathedral of Amiens in 1831 laid the foundation of his fame as a preacher. In 1836 he preached a Lenten sermon in Paris, and shortly after succeeded Lacordaire in the pul- pit of Notre Dame, which he occupied till 1848. lu 1844 the attacks made on the Jesuits in the public press and the legislature induced him to publish an apologetic work entitled De Vexit- tence et de Vinstitut des Jesuites (7th ed., 1855). In 1887 he founded a house of his order in Bordeaux, which he governed for four years; and in 1848 he became superior of the Parisian residence in the rue de Sevres, the interval being filled up by charity sermons, and the foundation and direction of various charitable and pious associations, all aiming at the im- provement of the common people. In 1851 he visited London during the universal exhibition, and gave a course of lectures. In 1852 he wrote at the instigation of Pius IX. his Clement XIII, et Clement XIV., a history of the sup- pression of the Jesuits, designed to counteract the extreme views of Theiner and Cretineau- Joly. His life was written by Poujoulat (1858) and by Pere de Ponlevoy (2 vols., 1860; Eng- lish translation, New York, 1873). RAWDON, Lord. See HASTINGS, FRANCIS. RAWLE, William, an American lawyer, born in Philadelphia, April 28, 1759, died 'April 12, 1836. He studied law in New York, London, and Paris, and commenced practice in Phila- delphia in 1783. He was United States district attorney under Washington, was president of the Pennsylvania historical society, and chan- cellor of the associate members of the bar of Philadelphia, He published " A View of the Constitution of the United States " (1829). K VIJ >S, a N. W. county of Kansas, formed since 1870; area, 900 sq. m. It borders on Nebraska, and is drained by Beaver and Sappa creeks, affluents of the Republican river. K VLI.s.. I. Sir Henry Creswleke, an Eng- lish archa3ologist, born at Chadlington, Oxford- shire, in 1810. In 1826 he entered the military service of the East India company, and served in Bombay till 1833, and subsequently in the Persian army. In 1835, while stationed at Kermanshah, he began to study the cuneiform inscriptions at Mt. Elvend. In 1837 he copied the first column of the great Behistun inscrip- tion and four minor inscriptions, and on Jan. I, 1838, submitted a report to the Asiatic so- ciety in London. The outbreak of the war in Afghanistan interrupted his labors. After ex- ploring various regions of central Asia, he was for some time political agent at Candahar, and returned in the same capacity to Bagdad. In 1844 he forwarded to London complete copies of the Persian portion of the Behistun inscrip- tion, of which the Asiatic society published facsimiles in 1846, and which included more of the cuneiform writing of the first kind than the aggregate of all other inscriptions then known in Europe. (See CUNEIFORM INSCRIP- TIONS.) He was consul at Bagdad from 1844 to 1851, and consul general till 1855. After returning to England he was knighted and ap- pointed a director of the East India company. In 1858 he was elected to parliament for Rei- gate, and from 1859 to I860 he was minister at Teheran with the rank of major general. He represented Frome in parliament from 1865 to 1808, when he was reappointed member of the council for India. In 1871-'8 he was pres- ident of the royal geographical society, which office he again holds (1875) ; and he also pre- sides over the society of Biblical archaeology. Besides his numerous contributions to the jour- nals of Asiatic societies and other learned pe- riodicals, he has published "On the Inscrip- tions of Assyria and Babylonia" (London, 1850); "Outline of the History of Assyria, as collected from the Inscriptions discovered by A. II. Layard in the Ruins of Nineveh" (1852); "Memorandum on the Publication of the Cuneiform Inscriptions" (1855); contribu- tions to his brother's " Herodotus " (4 vols., 1858-'60); "A Selection from the Historical Inscriptions of Chaldoea, Assyria, and Baby- lonia" (fol., 1861); in conjunction with N or- ris, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia" (3 vols., 1861-'70, lithographed for the British museum) ; and jointly with George Smith, " A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria " (fol., 1870). In 1874-'5 appeared his "England and Russia in the East," a series of papers on the political and geographical condition of central Asia. II. George, an English historian and orientalist, brother of the preceding, born at Chadling- ton in 1815. He graduated at Oxford in 1838, became a fellow and tutor of Exeter college, and was Bampton lecturer from 1859 to 1861, and Camden professor of ancient history from 1861 to 1874, when he became canon of Can- terbury cathedral. He has published " Histor- ical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records" (London, 1860); "The Contrasts of Christianity with the Heathen and Jewish
