224: EATER dom, and published several of his own. His "Collection of English Proverbs" (1672) has passed through many editions, and was re- printed with additions by H. G. Bohn (Lon- don, 1850). A revised edition of his " Glos- saries of North and South Country Words," by Skeat, was published in 1874 by the English dialect society. The Ray society of London, formed in 1844 for the publication of works on natural history, took its name from him, and has published " Memorials of John Ray," edited by E. Lankester, M. D. (1844). RATER, Pierre Franfols Olive, a French phy- sician, born at St. Sylvain, Normandy, March 8, 17U3, died Sept. 10, 1867. He graduated in medicine at Paris in 1818, and soon acquired an extensive reputation both as a scientific man and as a practitioner. In 1832 he was appointed physician-in-cbief to the hospital of La Charit6, and in 1852 was attached to the medical service of the imperial household. He published Sommaire d?une histoire abregee de Vanatomie pathologique (1818) ; Memoire sur le delirium tremens (1819) ; Histoire de Fepi- demie de suette miliaire qui a regne en 1821 dans FOise et le Seine-et-Oise (1822); De la morve et du farcin chez I'homme (1837) ; Traite theorique et pratique des maladies de la peau (2 vols., 1826-7 ; new ed., 3 vols., 1835) ; and Traite des maladies des reins et de alterations de la secretion urinaire (3 vols., 1839-'41). The last two were his most important works. RAYMOND, Henry Juris, an American journal- ist, born in Lima, Livingston co., N. Y., Jan. 24, 1820, died in New York, June 18, 18G9. Ho worked on his father's farm, at the ago of 16 taught a country school, and graduated at the university of Vermont in 1840. He then studied law for a year in New York, and be- came assistant editor of the "Tribune" on its establishment by Mr. Greeley in 1841, having previously contributed to the " New Yorker," edited by the same journalist. He was remark- ably accurate and successful as a reporter, and in 1843 joined the staff of the " Courier and Enquirer," in which journal he had a contro- versy with Greeley on Fourierism, which was published in a pamphlet. He was elected by the whigs to the state assembly in 1849, was reflected in 1850, and became speaker. In 1851 he severed his connection with the "Courier and Enquirer," and founded (Sept. 18) the "New York Times." In the whig national convention at Baltimore in 1852, in the face of violent opposition, he delivered a long ad- dress setting forth the northern views of the public questions then at issue. In 1854 he was elected lieutenant governor of New York. He was prominent in organizing the republican party, and wrote its " Address to the People " issued by the convention at Pittsburgh in Feb- ruary, 1856. He warmly supported the gov- ernment in the civil war, and in 1864 was elected to congress, where he advocated the reconstruction policy of President Johnson. He published "History of the Administration RAYNAL of President Lincoln " (12mo, New York, 1864; enlarged and reissued as " Life and Public Ser- vices of Abraham Lincoln," 8vo, 1865), and numerous addresses. RAYMOND, Rossiter Worthlngton, an American mining engineer, born in Cincinnati, April 27, 1840. He graduated at the Brooklyn poly- technic institute in 1858, and afterward spent three years in study at Heidelberg, Munich, and Freiberg. In 1864 he began practice iu New York as a consulting engineer, and he has been since 1867 editor of the " American Journal of Mining " (afterward the " Engineer- ing and Mining Journal "), since 1868 United States commissioner of mining statistics, and since 1870 lecturer on economic geology in Lafayette college, Easton, Pa. He was elected a vice president of the American institute of mining engineers in 1871, and president in 1872, '78, and '74. He has published annual reports of mining statistics from 1869 to 1875 inclusive, several of which have been repub- lished as separate works ; " The Children's Week," a volume of short stories (1871) ; "Brave Hearts," a novel (1873); and "The Man in the Moon and other Stories" (1874). RAYMOND VI., of Toulouse. See ALBIGENSKS. RAYNAL, GaUbrame Thomas Franfote, a French historian, born at St. Geniez, Guienne, April 12, 1713, died near Paris, March 6, 1796. He was educated at a college of the Jesuits, be- came a priest, and for some time taught the- ology and preached. He went to Paris in 1747, and became an assistant clergyman at the church of St. Sulpice ; but he soon gave up the ministry, associated with the " philosophers," and became director of the Mercure de France. He published various historical works, and, with the assistance of Diderot and otheis, pre- pared anonymously an Histoire philosophique et politique des etdblissements et du commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes (4 vols. 8vo, 1770). A second edition, containing attacks upon religion and government, was interdicted on Dec. 19, 1779 ; and when it appeared under his name at Geneva (5 vols. 4to, with atlas, 1780), a warrant was issued for his arrest, which he avoided by leaving France, and the parliament ordered his book to be burned by the executioner (May 25, 1781). In the same year he published his Tableau et revolution! des colonies anglaixes dans FAmerique Septen- trionale (2 vols. 12mo), which was immediate- ly translated into English, and the blunders of which were pointed out in a pamphlet by Thomas Paine. For several years Raynal wan- dered in foreign countries, and was finally per- mitted to return home in 1788; in 1790 the sentence of the parliament against his Histoire philosophique was reversed. The next year Raynal addressed to the president of the con- stituent assembly a letter denouncing the dis- orders committed in France in the name of liberty, and regretting that he "was one of those who, by expressing in their works a gen- erous indignation against arbitrary power, had
