REGNAULT REICIIENBACH 263 as the sensible heat increases, but in a slower ratio. He has also verified the law of Mari- otte and Boyle on the compressibility of the gases. Accounts of his investigations on these subjects fill the 21st and 26th volumes of the Memoires of the French academy of sciences. His Cours elementaire de chimie (2 vols. in 4 parts, Paris, 1847-'9 ; 5th ed., 4 vols., 1859-'60) has been translated into several languages. Among his other works is an abstract of the preceding, Premiers elements de chimie (1850; 4th ed., 1861). REGNAULT, Jean Baptiste, baron, a French painter, born in Paris in October, 1754, died there in November, 1829. He began life as a sailor, and subsequently studied in Paris and in Borne, where he was enabled to spend sev- eral years by winning in 1776 a first academi- cal prize. His "Education of Achilles" and other works placed him in the front rank of the French school. He was professor at the school of fine arts from 1795 to 1818, when he was transferred to the polytechnic school. REGNIER, Mathnrin, a French poet, born in Chartres, Dec. 21, 1573, died in Rouen, Oct. 22, 1613. He was the son of Jacques Regnier, who established a tennis court in Paris, known as the tripot Regnier. He was educated for the church, and in 1593 went with the cardi- nal Joyeuse to Rome, where he remained about eight years, and subsequently returned with the duke de B6thune, French ambassador. After a life of dissipation he became in 1609 canon of the cathedral of Chartres. He was called the good Regnier on account of his amiability. Boileau, although objecting to his broad cynicism, characterized him as the sa- tirical poet who before Moliere gave the best insight into manners and life. Numerous edi- tions of his works have appeared. The best are by Brossette (Amsterdam, 1729; London, 2 vols., 1736), Viollet-Leduc (1822 ; new ed., 1853), and Ed. de Barth61emy with additional poems, but not all well authenticated (1862). REGULAR CLERKS OF ST. PAUL. See BAR- NABITES. REGULUS, Mareus Atilins, a Roman general, died about 250 B. 0. He was consul in 267, when he defeated the Sallentini, took Brun- dusium, and received a triumph. In 256, the ninth year of the first Punic war, he was a second time consul, and in conjunction with his colleague Manlius set out with a fleet of 330 vessels to invade Africa, defeated the Car- thaginian fleet of 350 sail under Hanno and Hamilcar, landed at Clypea, and ravaged their territory. Toward the close of the year, by order of the senate, Manlius returned to Rome with his division of the forces. Regulus now defeated the three Carthaginian generals in a great battle in the mountains, and captured town after town, including Tunis. The Car- thaginians sued for peace, but when the en- voys protested against the extravagance of his demands, Regulus replied: "Men who are good for anything should either conquer or submit to their betters." The negotiations were broken off, and Xanthippus, a Spartan, was placed at the head of the Carthaginian army, who defeated the Romans and took Regulus prisoner. After five years' captivity he was sent in 250 to Rome along with an embassy, on condition that he would return if the negotiations were unsuccessful. He persuaded the senate to refuse to make peace, and returned to Carthage. The story of his execution under the most barbarous tortures is now generally disbelieved. REICHENBACH, Heinrlch Gottlieb Luchvig, a Ger- man naturalist, born in Leipsic, June 8, 1793. He studied at Leipsic, took the degree of M. D., and in 1820 became professor of natural his- tory in the medical and surgical school of Dresden. His most important work is his Flora Germanica, accompanied by an Icono- grapJiia Botanica (21 vols., Leipsic, 1823-'67). He has also published Regnum Animate (1834-'6, incomplete), Vollstdndigste Natur- geschichte, devoted to mammalia and birds (1845 et seq.), and other works. His brother ANTON BENEDICT, born in 1807, professor of natural history at Leipsic till 1866, and his son HEINEICH GUST A v, born in 1822, professor of botany there, have also published works on zoology and botany. REICHENBACH, Karl, baron, a German natu- ralist, born in Stuttgart, Feb. 12, 1788, died in Leipsic, Jan. 19, 1869. He was educated at Tubingen. At the age of 16 he conceived the idea of establishing a new German state in one of the South sea islands ; and for three years he devoted himself to this project, and had secretly formed a large association in Wilrtem- berg, when it was suppressed by the French authorities on suspicion that its real objects were political, and Reichenbach was impris- oned. In 1821 he became connected with Count Hugo of Salm in the management of chemical works, iron furnaces, and machine shops at Blansko, Moravia, from which he soon secured an ample fortune ; and about this time the king of Wurtemberg made him a baron. From 1830 to 1834 he was engaged in the investigation of the complicated pro- ducts of the distillation of organic substances, and discovere'd among them several compounds of carbon and hydrogen, the existence and use- ful properties of which were before entirely unknown ; among these are' creosote, paraffine, eupion, pittacal, and capnomor. He afterward entered upon an investigation of the manner in which the human system is affected by various substances, and was led to conceive the existence of a new imponderable agent, al- lied to electricity, magnetism, and heat, which emanates from most substances, and to the influence of which different persons are vari- ously sensitive. Although he had given no attention to animal magnetism, the subject was inevitably encountered by him in these re- searches; which, however, he pursued inde- pendently of all experiments and theories that
