322 RICHMOND Sersed. Meantime the defences of Richmond ad been made too strong to be assailed in front, and the operations of Grant, although really directed against that city, took the form of the siege of Petersburg. (See PETERSBURG, SIEGE OF.) Although several strong demon- strations were made against Richmond during the siege, the exterior lines were never car- ried, the interior lines were never even seen, and in the city itself there was nothing to show that it was beleaguered. The only gar- rison was the militia of the city, under Ewell, and little was known of what was passing in the army. When, on the morning of April 2, 1865, Gen. Lee informed Jefferson Davis that the army would abandon Petersburg and Richmond that night, there was a universal panic. The government archives were hastily packed up and taken to the station of the Dan- ville railroad, by which the president and cab- inet set off in a special train, and every possi- ble effort was made by the people to escape. As night fell the disorder rose to tumult, riot, and general pillage. Toward midnight the last of the troops had crossed the James, and Ewell, who commanded the rear guard, ordered the bridges to be burned, the ironclads in the river blown up, and everything destroyed which could be of use to the enemy. In the very heart of the city were four great govern- ment warehouses filled with tobacco, which, in spite of the remonstrances of the mayor, Ewell ordered to be set on fire. Close by were the Gallego flour mills, said to be the largest in the world, and the arsenals filled with loaded shells. The flames spread from street to street, covering acres of the business part of the city, and the tumult and pillage continued all night. Early the next morning the federal general Weitzel entered the city with 20 horsemen, finding before the abatis in his front a line of torpedoes, still marked by flags, followed by three lines of works, each of the inner ones commanding that ex- terior to it. The whole Union army soon marched in. Gen. Shepley, who had filled the same post at New Orleans, was made military governor. The conflagration was still spreading, and every effort to suppress it was unavailing till toward evening, when the wind veered, and the flames died out. Fully one third of Richmond had been burned, compri- sing nearly all its business portion. RICHMOND, a city and the county seat of "Wayne co., Indiana, on the E. side of the east branch of Whitewater river, 68 m. E. of Indian- apolis; pop. in 1850, 1,443; in 1860, 6,608; in 1870, 9,445 ; in 1875, 11,579, of whom 1,581 were Germans and 422 Irish. It is built on rolling ground 700 ft. above tide water, and is surrounded by a fertile agricultural district, with which it has an important trade. There is a good fire department. Horse cars traverse the principal streets. In the N. E. corner of the city are fair grounds 33 acres in extent. Richmond is an important railroad centre, the Little Miami, the Cincinnati, Richmond, and Fort Wayne, and the Cincinnati, Eaton, and Richmond railroads, as well as several divisions of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, centring here. There is good water power. The number of manufacturing estab- lishments in 1874 was 127 ; number of hands employed, 1,507; capital invested, $1,807,785; value of raw materials used, $795,784 ; of pro- ducts, $2,729,846. The chief articles of manu- facture are threshing machines, portable en- gines, ploughs, flour and saw mill works, school and church furniture, and burial caskets of wood. The slaughtering of hogs is extensively carried on, the number slaughtered in 1874 being 27,700. There are three banks, with an aggregate capital of $900,000. The tax- able value of property in 1875 was $8,383,767. The principal charitable institutions are the orphans' home and the home for friendless women. There are nine public school houses, with a high school and inferior grades, having 37 teachers and an enrollment of 1,900 pupils. There are also two Lutheran and two Roman Catholic schools and a business college. The Friends' academy is an important institution. Earlham college, also under the auspices of the Friends, was founded in 1859. It has prepar- atory and collegiate departments, and admits both sexes. In 1874-'5 it had 14 instructors, 221 students, and a library of 3,500 volumes. The buildings are about half a mile W. of the city. Richmond has two theatres, two daily and six weekly (two German) newspapers, a. public library of 10,000 volumes, and 20 churches: 2 Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Association, 3 Friends', 2 Lu- theran, 4 Methodist, 1 New Jerusalem, 2 Pres- byterian, 2 Roman Catholic, and 1 Wesleyan. RICHMOND, a town of Surrey, England, 10 m. W. S. W. of St. Paul's, London ; pop. in 1871, 15,113. It is built on the side and summit of an eminence on the Thames, and is famous for its scenery. It is well paved, lighted with gas, accessible by rail and steamboats hourly from the capital, and connected by bridge with Twickenham. It has a theatre, lecture hall, and numerous places of worship ; and near by are Pembroke lodge, the seat of Earl Russell, within the park, and many other splendid resi- dences. The Wesleyan theological seminary, on the hill, is a fine specimen of the Tudor style. The parish church contains monuments to Thomson, Edmund Kean, Dr. John Moore, Gilbert Wakefield, and other noted men who are buried here. The Star and Garter hotel, near the park, is celebrated alike for its din- ners and for the unrivalled prospect it com- mands. Originally built in 1788, it has been repeatedly enlarged, was partially destroyed by fire in 1870, and was rebuilt in 1872. Here the annual dinners of the bank of England directors and of many of the great commercial companies of London are given. Richmond was originally called Schene or Scheen, after- ward Sheen, and was a royal residence under
