ROBERTSON' ROBERVAL 357 by Licking river, and drained by several tribu- taries of the Licking; area, about 175 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,399, of whom 257 were colored. The surface is rolling and in some parts hilly; the soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 9,913 bushels of wheat, 11,176 of rye, 242,426 of Indian corn, 16,667 of oats, 1,648,201 Ibs. of tobacco, 84,675 of butter, and 769 tons of hay. There were 1,931 horses, 961 milch cows, 1,213 other cattle, 2,289 sheep, and 5,412 swine. Capital, Mount Olivet.. ROBERTSON, Frederick William, an English clergyman, born in London, Feb. 3, 1816, died in Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. His early inclina- tions were toward military life, but he entered Brasenose college, Oxford, where he graduated in 1840, and the same year took orders. He was curate successively at Winchester, Chel- tenham, and Oxford ; and in 1847 he became minister of Trinity chapel, Brighton, where his eloquence and originality always attracted a crowded and intellectual audience. He organ- ized a working men's institute, before which he delivered several lectures. The violent denun- ciations of some of his religious opinions, act- ing on a naturally feeble constitution, hastened his death. He was the author of " Lectures on the Influence of Poetry on the Working Class- es " (London, 1852 ; republished with additions under the title " Lectures and Addresses on Literary and Social Topics," 1858; new ed,, 1861) ; " Sermons preached at Trinity Chap- el " (four series, 1855-'63 ; new ed., with a memoir, 2 vols., Boston, 1870); and "Exposi- tory Lectures on St. Paul's Epistles to the Corinthians" (London, 1859). His "Life and Letters" have been edited by Stopford A. Brooke (2 vols., 1865). ROBERTSON, James Cragie, a British clergy- man, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1813. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, in 1834, took orders in the English church, in 1846 became vicar of Beaksbourne near Can- terbury, and in 1859 was appointed canon of Canterbury. He was chosen professor of ec- clesiastical history in King's college, London, in 1864, which chair, in conjunction with his canonry, he still holds (1875). His chief work, the first volume of which was published in 1853, is " History of the Christian Church, from the Apostolic Age to the Reformation" (revised ed., 8 vols. 8vo, 1874-'5). He has also published "How shall we conform to the Liturgy of the Church of England?" (1843; 8d ed., 1869) ; " The Bearings of the Gorham Case" (1850); "Becket, Archbishop of Can- terbury, a Biography" (1859); and "Church History during the First Six Centuries " (12mo, 1869). He has edited for the ecclesiastical his- tory society Heylin's "History of the Refor- mation of the Church of England" (1849), and for the Camden society Bargrave's "Alex- ander VII. and his Cardinals" (1866). ROBERTSON, Thomas William, an English dra- matist, born Jan. 9, 1829, died in London in February, 1871. He belonged to a theatrical family, and began life as an actor in a strolling company, of which his father was the man- ager. His first original drama, "A Night's Adventure," was brought out at the Olympic in 1851. He settled in London in 1860, sup- porting himself by light literature. His "Da- vid Garrick," adapted from the French, at- tracted general notice in 1864, chiefly owing to the acting of Sothern. His " Society," pro- ' duced at the opening of the Prince of Wales's theatre in 1865, made him famous, and was followed by "Ours" (1866), "Caste" (1867), "Play" (1868), "School" (1869), and "M. P." (1870). His last play was " War," produced at the St. James's Theatre. ROBERTSON, William, a Scottish historian, born at Borthwick, Edinburghshire, Sept. 19, 1721, died at Grange house, near Edinburgh, June 11, 1793. He graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1741, was licensed to preach, and in 1743 was presented to the living of Gladsmuir in Haddingtonsbire. In 1745 he volunteered to serve in the army against the pretender. In the general assembly of the church of Scotland he was one of the leading advocates of lay patronage, which at that time was the great dividing question. In 1757 he defended Home, who was persecuted by the ultra Calvinist party for writing the tragedy of "Douglas," and also the clergymen who had attended the theatre to witness its representa- tion. In 1759 he was made chaplain of the gar- rison at Stirling, in 1761 a dean of the chapel royal, in 1762 principal of the university of Edinburgh and minister of the old Greyfri- ars, and in 1764 historiographer of Scotland with a salary of 200. About this time he entertained the project of writing the history of England ; but after the resignation of Lord Bute, who had been his friend, he gave it up. His histories vie with those of his contempo- raries Hume and Gibbon in diction and lib- eral sentiment, and surpass them in impartial- ity. They are : " History of Scotland during the Reigns of Mary and James VI." (2 vols. 4to, 1759) ; " History of the Reign of the Em- peror Charles V." (3 vols. 4to, 1769) ; and "History of America" (2 vols. 4to, 1777); be- sides "An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India " (4to, 1791). His life was written by Dugald Stewart (8vo, 1801), and by Lord Brougham. ROBERYAL, Gilles Personne or Personier de, a French mathematician, born at Roberval, near Beauvais, Aug. 8, 1602, died in Paris, Oct. 27, 1675. He went to Paris in 1627, became professor of philosophy in the college of Mai- tre Gervais and of mathematics in the royal college, and was one of the members of the academy of sciences at its foundation in 1665. He early discovered a method of investigating problems similar to the "method of indivis- ibles," but kept it to himself in order to sur- pass his contemporaries in the solution of prob- lems, and thus lost the honor of originating
