ROWLEY RUBEN 459 total weight and displacement, 672 to 959 Ibs. For six-oared shells, draught 5 to 5 in., boat 120 to 150 Ibs., oars 36 Ibs., crew 760 to 880 Ibs. ; total weight and displacement, 916 to 1,098 Ibs. These displacements are in fresh water ; in salt water they are reckoned a few pounds more. Eight-oared shells are not yet common in the United States. The cost of the boats, without oars, is : for single shells, $90 to $100 ; double, $135 to $190; four-oared, $210 to $260 ; six-oared, $300. Among the many works on the construction of boats, records of races, training, and modern method of row- ing, the following are prominent : " The Prin- ciples of Rowing, by an Oarsman " (London, 1846); "Manual of British Rural Sports, by Stonehenge" (London, 1863); "Modern Sys- tem of Naval Architecture," by John Scott Russell (3 vols., London, 1865); "Book of American Pastimes," by Charles A. Peverelly (New York, 1866) ; " Training in Theory and Practice," by Archibald Maclaren (London, 18G6); "The Arts of Rowing and Training, by Argonaut" (London, 1866); "The Boat, and How to Manage it, by Salacia" (Lon- don, 1868) ; "How to Row," by T. J. Bering- ton (Oxford, 1870) ; " The Oxford and Cam- bridge Boat Races," by W. F. Macmichael (Cambridge, 1870); "Yale and Harvard Boat Racing" (New Haven, 1871); "Four Years at Yale, by a Graduate of 1869 " (New Haven, 1871); "The Illustrated Oarsman's Manual" (Troy, N. Y., 1872); "University Oars: A Critical Inquiry into After-health," by Dr. J. E. Morgan (London, 1873) ; and the " Rowing Almanac and Oarsman's Companion " (London, annually since 1861). ROWLEY, William, an English dramatist of the age of Elizabeth, who lived through the reign of James I., and died in that of Charles I. He was educated at Cambridge, belonged to the royal company of players, excelled in comedy, and was intimate with all the poets and wits of his time, many of whom he as- sisted in the preparation of plays, and some of whom assisted him. Thus, " A Fair Quar- rel " is by T. Middleton and W. Rowley ; " The Witch of Edmonton " is by Rowley, Decker, and Ford; "The Old Law" is by Massin- ger, Middleton, and Rowley; "Fortune by Land and Sea " is by Hey wood and Rowley ; and it is said that in "The Birth of Merlin" Rowley received some assistance from Shake- speare. The Percy society in 1840 republished his tract, "A Search for Money, or the Lamen- table Complaint for the Losse of the Wan- dring Knight, Monsieur 1'Argent." ROXBURGHSHIRE, a S. E. county of Scot- land, bordering on Cumberland and North- umberland, England ; area, 670 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 53,965. Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick, and Melrose are the chief towns. The principal rivers are the Tweed and Teviot. The Cheviot hills extend from the E. to the S. W. extremity of the county, and afford excellent pasturage. Many sheep are raised. Wool ie manufac- tured. Roxburghshire is very rich in remains of monastic magnificence. Scott has made many of its traditions familiar to the world. ROXBURY, formerly a city of Norfolk co., Massachusetts, but since 1867 forming the 13th, 14th, and 15th wards of Boston ; pop. in 1860, 25,137; in 1870, 34,772. It is con- nected with Boston proper by Boston neck. It was settled in 1630, and incorporated as a city in 1846. Roxbury was for many years the scene of the labors of John Eliot, the apos- tle to the Indians, whose remains are in the " ministers' tomb " in the old burial ground. ROXOLAM. See SARMATIA. ROY, William, a British surveyor, born near Lanark, Scotland, May 4, 1726, died in Lon- don, July 1, 1790. From 1746 to 1755, being a colonel in the army, he was employed in mapping the Scottish highlands for the estab- lishment of military posts. He became a gen- eral, and between 1783 and 1788 made a trigo- nometrical survey from Greenwich to Dover (the first in Great Britain), to aid in deter- mining the difference of latitude and longi- tude between the Greenwich and Paris obser- vatories. At his death he was surveyor gen- eral of the coast. The society of antiquaries published his work on " The Military Antiqui- ties of the Romans in North Britain " (fol., with 51 plates and 3 maps, 1793). ROYAL FERN. See' OSMUNDA. ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul, a French states- man and philosopher, born at Sompuis, Cham- pagne, June 21, 1763, died at Chateauvieux, Loir-et-Cher, Sept. 4, 1845. He was an advo- cate, held office in Paris after the commence- ment of the revolution, and after Aug. 10, 1792, was proscribed as a moderate. In 1797 he was elected to the council of 500 by the department of Marne, which he afterward represented in the chamber of deputies under the restoration and Louis Philippe. He was a liberal royalist, and the founder of the party of doctrinaires. The most eloquent of his discourses was delivered in 1825 against the proposed law of sacrilege, which would have required of every citizen a profession of the Roman Catholic faith. From 1811 till March, 1814, he was professor of the history of phi- losophy in the Sorbonne. In 1827 he suc- ceeded Laplace as a member of the French academy. The master of Cousin and Jouffroy in speculative philosophy, and of Guizot and De Tocqueville in political science, he has left no permanent record of himself at all corre- sponding to his personal reputation and author- ity. His philosophical writings, chiefly frag- mentary, are published with Jouffroy's trans- lation of the works of Reid. See Vie politique de M. Royer- Collard, sea discours et sea ecrits, by Barante (2 vols., Paris, 1861), and Vie de Royer-Collard, by M. de Lacombe (1868). RUBEN, Christoph, a German painter, born in Treves in 1805. He studied at Diisseldorf, and in Munich under Cornelius, was connected with the academy of Prague, and in 1852 be-
