BUFFED GROUSE RUM 465 feed at night on worms, insects, and larva?; the nest is made of coarse grass, and is placed in a hollow of the ground ; the eggs are four or five, pointed, green with brown specks. Their flesh is esteemed ; they are taken alive in nets and fattened for market; great num- bers are sent from Holland to London. RUFFED GROUSE, or Partridge. See GROUSE. Ill I TIM, Giovanni, an Italian novelist, born in Genoa about 1810. He and his brother Jacopo were fellow students of Mazzini at Ge- noa, and Giovanni cooperated with the latter in organizing at Marseilles the league known as la giocine Italia. In 1834, on the failure of the invasion of Savoy planned by Mazzini, Jacopo was executed, while Giovanni escaped, and lived chiefly in England till the amnesty of 1848, when for a short time he was Sardin- ian minister in Paris. In 1849 he returned to England, where he has since resided. He is married to an English lady, and writes Eng- lish with remarkable fluency and elegance. Ho has published "Lorenzo Benoni, or Passages in the Life of an Italian," an autobiographical narrative (London, 1853); "The Paragreens' Visit to the Paris Exhibition " (1855) ; " Doc- tor Antonio" (1855); and "Lavinia" (1860). RUFINUS. See STILIOHO. RUGBY, a market town of Warwickshire, England, on the river Avon, 16 m. N. E. of Warwick, and 83 m. N. W. of London; pop. in 1871, 8,385. It is on the line of the London and Northwestern railway, and several other railways meet here. It has important horse, cattle, wool, and cheese fairs. The grammar school, of which Dr. Thomas Arnold was head master from 1828 to 1842, was founded in 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff, a London trades- man born in Rugby. It occupies a quadrangle of buildings in the Elizabethan style, and has 14 teachers and about 500 students, with an income from its endowment of about 5,000, and 20 exhibitions to the universities of 40 to 80 per annum for four years. RUGE, Arnold, a German author, born at Ber- gen, island of Rftgen, Sept. 13, 1803. He was imprisoned for five years as a member of a political students' association, but subsequently graduated and lectured on philosophy at Halle, and joined in the publication of the Hallisclie Jahrbiicher, which was ultimately suppressed in Prussia and Saxony. He next edited for about two years the Deutsch-franzosische Jahrbucher in Paris, conjointly with Karl Marx, and after- ward connected himself with Julius Froebel's literary bureau at Zurich, which was closed by the authorities, as was also a similar estab- lishment which he founded in 1847 at Leip- sic. The city of Breslau elected him in 1848 to the Frankfort parliament. In the same year he established Die Reform, a daily journal, at Berlin, which was speedily suppressed, and he was expelled from that city, and in 1849 also from Paris. With Ledru-Rollin and Maz- zini he founded in London in the same year the European democratic committee, and he has since resided at Brighton as a visiting tutor. His collected works (10 vols., Mann- heim, 1846-'8) were followed by his Jtevolu- tiansnovellen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1850) and Aus friiherer Zeit (4 vols., Berlin, 1862-'7). He has translated into German "The Letters of Junius," Buckle's "History of Civilization" (5th ed., 1874), Henry Lytton Bulwer's "Life of Viscount Palmerston," and other works. RUGEN, an island of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, separated from the mainland by a channel from to 2 m. wide; area, about 400 sq. m. ; pop. of the circle of Riigen in 1867, 47,539. Numerous shallow bays and arms of the sea divide it into several penin- sulas. The channel separating it from the mainland is gradually narrowing. (See BAL- TIC SEA.) The surface presents great variety, and the scenery is very beautiful. The island is much visited in summer for sea bathing. The Stubbenkammer, a chalk headland in the north, rises about 440 ft. above the sea, its highest point, called the King's Seat, being the summit from which Charles XII. witnessed the sea fight between the Swedes and Dunes, Aug. 8, 1715. There are many ancient sepul- chral mounds on the island. Capital, Bergen. Riigen was occupied in the 6th century by the Rugians, a Germanic people, and subse- quently by Slavs, and in the early part of the middle ages was governed by princes of its own, but the Danes conquered it in 1168. The Swedes occupied it during the thirty years' war, and it was ceded to them at the peace of West- phalia, but it was allotted to Prussia in 1815. Several engagements took place off the island in 1864 between the Danes and the Prussians. RUM, a spirituous liquor distilled from fer- mented molasses, the refuse juice and scum from the sugar manufacture, and the spirit wash or lees (known as dunder) of former dis- tillations. A peculiar volatile oil comes over in the first part of the process, which imparts to the rum its flavor. The manufacture of rum has long been carried on extensively in con- nection with that of sugar and molasses upon the plantations of the West India islands. Ja- maica rum ranks first in quality, and that made in Santa Cruz is also favorably known. In the New England states it has been largely distilled from molasses. In Newport, R. I., there were in the last century 30 of these manu- factories, and their product was a staple article in the African slave trade. The materials named above are employed in various propor- tions at different places. In some the propor- tion of spent wash already used several times over is so great as to seriously impair the flavor. The fermentation is continued upon large quantities of material at a time from 9 to 15 days, according to the strength of the wash and condition of the weather. Rum often has a deep red color, which is acquired from mo- lasses or caramel added for the purpose, and not from the wood of the casks as is com- monly supposed. Unlike other spirits, rum
