KUPTURE KUSH 471 especially Abyssinia. He presented his collec- tions to his native town in consideration of an annual pension of 1,000 florins. His works include Fundgruben des Orients (5 vols., Vi- enna, 1818) ; Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan und dem petrdischen Arabien (Frankfort, 1829) ; Reise in Abessinien (2 vols., 1838-'40) ; and Vogel Nord- und Ostafrikas (1845). RUPTURE. See HERNIA. RUREMONDE. See ROERMOND. Kl KIR, founder of the first Russian dynas- ty. See RUSSIA. RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., an Ameri- can naturalist, born in Cumberland co., N. J., Sept. 4, 1807. He studied medicine in the university of Pennsylvania, became a surgeon in the United States navy in 1826, and as such circumnavigated the globe. He has published "Three Years in the Pacific" (8vo, Phila- delphia, 1834) ; " A Voyage round the World, including an Embassy to Muscat and Siani " (1838); "Elements of Natural History" (2 vols. 12mo, 1850) ; " A Lexicon of Terms used in Natural History " (12mo, 1850) ; and " Notes and Commentaries during a Voyage to Brazil and China in the Year 1848 " (8vo, 1854). RUSH (written by the old authors rish, resh, and rashes, probably from the A. S. rise), the common name for species of juncus, but used in combination, as bog rush and scouring rush, for plants of other genera. Juncus (Lat. jun- gere, to join, the stems having been used for tying) is the typical genus of a small family of endogenous plants, the juncacece, which, while they have the glumaceous (husk-like) flowers and general appearance of the sedges and grasses, are closely related to the lily fam- ily, the structure of the flowers, though green- ish and glume-like, being much like that of a minute lily. Dr. George Engelmann, in his monograph of the genus juncus (St. Louis academy of sciences, 1868), finds about 50 spe- cies in all North America, of which 17 occur also in other parts of the world ; four species are found all over the country, and five others everywhere east of the Mississippi ; others are very local, especially the maritime and arctic species. The rushes are mostly perennials, growing in water or in wet soil, with pithy or hollow, rarely branching stems, which in some are without leaves, in others with leaves flat and grass-like, while a number have cylindri- cal leaves, marked by cross partitions. The flowers are in panicles, which are terminal, or in some appear lateral, as the involucral sheath continues beyond the panicle like a prolonga- tion of the stem ; the flowers, arranged on the branches of the panicle singly or in little clus- ters, are from one to three lines long, green- ish or brownish, the six-parted perianth with three outer and three inner divisions ; sta- mens six, sometimes reduced to three; pistil with three styles, the many-seeded pod one- or three-celled. Some species are only 1 to 3 in. high, and the larger ones reach as high as 4 ft. Though interesting plants to botanists, the rushes are of little economical importance. The sea and sharp rush (J. maritimus and J. acutus) of Europe grow in the maritime sands, and are sometimes planted in order that their roots may retain the earth of embankments in place ; the common or soft rush (/. effit- sus) is disposed to spread and be a weed in wet pastures, and is troublesome in southern rice fields; the toad rush (/. lufonius), the only annual species in the eastern states, is very common along roadsides and on the edges of footpaths, it seeming to flourish best where it is trodden upon. The most important species is that popularly called black grass, /. Qerardi (given in some works as /. lulbosus, which is a European species not yet found in this coun- try), abundant in salt marshes the whole length of the Atlantic coast, where it is conspicuous by the dark brown color of its flowers 5 when cut early it makes a hay that is much relished by animals, and salt-marsh hay is regarded as Common or Soft Rush (Juncus effusus). valuable in proportion to the amount of this it contains. Formerly rushes were used as a sub- stitute for carpets ; the floors of public build- ings and of the houses of the wealthy were strewn with them, a practice which was con- tinued as late as the 16th century. The Japan- ese use the common rush for making mats, which serve for carpets and for beds; light mats of the same material and covered with transparent paper are used as window curtains. The use of rushes and flags for bottoming chairs was formerly common, and the material serves for weaving small baskets ; the street flower venders sometimes offer their wares arranged in neat baskets made from green rush- es. The Chinese use the pith of some species for candle wicks, and the rush lights former- ly in use by the poor classes in England were made of the pith of the common rush, peeled in such a manner as to leave a narrow strip of the rind on each side as a support. Bulrush
