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RUTH |
studied under Schadow in Düsseldorf, was a teacher at the Städel institute in Frankfort, and in 1844 became professor at the school of art in Stuttgart. He paints historical and genre pictures, as “The Gueux Sermon,” “Raphael and the Fornarina,” “The Recovered Child,” “The Duke of Alva in the Castle of Rudolstadt,” “The Funeral of the Emperor Otho III.,” and “The Emperor Frederick II. and his Court at Palermo.” He has published poetry and dramas, including Attila and Ludwig der Baier, and a popular military song, Deutscher Marsch, set to music by Kücken.
RÜSTOW, Wilhelm, a German military writer, born in Brandenburg, May 25, 1821. He joined the army in 1838, and became an officer of engineers. He was indicted in 1850 for a publication on the military condition of Germany and fled to Zürich, where he was employed as a teacher and a major in the army, In 1860 he joined Garibaldi in Sicily, and afterward returned to Switzerland. In conjunction with Köchly he has written Geschichte des griechischen Kriegswesens (Aarau, 1852), and translations and commentaries relating to Greek military writers (2 vols., Zürich, 1854-'5). He has also written on Julius Cæsar's military operations and Napoleon III.'s history of the same, on the first Napoleon's campaigns in Italy and Germany, on the Crimean war, and on the Franco-German war of 1870-'71. Prominent among his theoretical works are: Die Feldherrnkunst des 19. Jahrhunderts (Zürich, 1857; 2d ed., 1866); Geschichte der Infanterie (2 vols., Gotha, 1857-'8); Allgemeine Taktik (Zürich, 1858); Militärisches Handwörterbuch (2 vols., 1859; supplement, 1867); and Strategie und Taktik der neuesten Zeit (1872).—His brothers Alexander and Cäsar, Prussian officers, both killed in battle in 1866, were also authors of military works.
RUTA BAGA. See Turnip.
RUTGERS COLLEGE, an institution of learning in New Brunswick, N. J., established by royal charter in 1770, under the name of Queen's college. It was connected with the general synod and theological seminary of the Protestant Reformed (Dutch) church till 1865, when it became an independent literary college, on the condition, however, that its president and three fourths of its trustees should be members in full communion of that church. It received its present name in 1825 in honor of Col. Henry Rutgers, who contributed $5,000 to its fund. Previous to that time its exercises were thrice suspended, once by the revolutionary war and twice by financial embarrassments. The first president was the Rev. Dr. J. R. Hardenbergh, and the second the Rev. Dr. J. H. Livingston. The main college building was erected in 1809, through the efforts of the Rev. Dr. Ira Condict, president pro tem. The Rev. Dr. Philip Milledoler was president from 1825 to 1840, the Hon. A. B. Hasbrouck from 1840 to 1850, and the Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen from 1850 to 1862. In consequence of its small endowment and of the confusion of the civil war, the college was rapidly losing ground when the Rev. Dr. W. H. Campbell was appointed president in 1863. Under his administration several hundred thousand dollars have been added to its endowment; six new professorships have been created; a large geological hall, a chapel and library, an astronomical observatory, and a new grammar school building have been erected; and the number of students has increased from 60 to more than 200 now (1875) in actual attendance. In 1866 the state college of agriculture and the mechanic arts was opened as a department of Rutgers college, with a farm of 100 acres. In this department there are three courses of study, one in civil engineering, one in chemistry and agriculture, and a special course in chemistry, so arranged that either a two years' or a four years' course may be pursued, the latter being required for the degree of bachelor of science. Rutgers college has now 12 professorships, affording instruction in Biblical literature, constitutional law, military drill, agriculture, mining, metallurgy, analytical chemistry, engineering and graphics, and other branches common to American colleges. Its library numbers 7,000 volumes, and provision has been made for considerable additions. It has graduated 1,095 classical, 78 medical (from 1792 to 1816), and 71 scientific students, making a total of 1,244. The college has also a grammar school with nearly 200 pupils.
RUTH, Book of, one of the canonical books of the Old Testament. By many ancient and modern writers it has been regarded as an addition to the book of Judges, because the transactions which it relates happened in the time of the judges of Israel. (Ruth i. 1.) The book contains the history of Ruth, a Moabitish woman, who, after the death of her husband, a Hebrew emigrant from Judah, left her home, and followed her mother-in-law Naomi to Bethlehem, where Boaz, a relative of her deceased husband, attracted by her appearance as a gleaner in his field, married her. She was the mother of Obed, whose son Jesse was the father of David. The mention of comparatively late national customs (as in iv. 7), and the occurrence of Chaldaisms, are considered sufficient proofs that this book was composed in the times of the Hebrew monarchy. The alleged proofs of its composition long after the time of David, in the later Chaldee period of the language, are not conclusive, while there are clear indications of an earlier date. (See “Ruth, Book of,” added to the American edition of Smith's “Bible Dictionary,” p. 2755, and the authorities there referred to.) Christ's descent from Ruth (Matt. i. 5) is authenticated in this portion only of the Old Testament. Its canonical authority has never been questioned.—See Bertheau, Richter und Rut (Exegetische Handbuch, 1845); Keil, Biblische Commentar, Josua, Richter und Ruth (1863; translated in Clark's “Foreign and The-
