686 SCHULTZ-SCHULTZENSTEIN the Popes and Councils of the first Eight Cen- turies." To this Bishop Fessler of St. Polten replied in " The True and False Infallibility" (English ed., London and New York, 1875). Dr. Schulte, having resigned his offices in the university of Prague and the consistorial court, was in 1872 appointed by the German govern- ment professor in the university of Bonn. His principal works are: System des katholischen Kirchenrechts (Giessen, 1856); Die Lehre von den Quellen den katholischen Kirchenrechts (1860) ; Lehrbuch des Tcatholuchen Kirchen- rechts (1868); Lehrbuch der deut^chen Reichs- und Rechtegeschichte (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1861- '70); Die Rechtsfrage des Einftusses der Re- gierungen bei den Bischofswahlen (Giessen, 1869); and Die Macht der romischen Pdpste, &c. (Prague, 1871). SCHULTZ-SCHULTZENSTEIN, Karl Heinrich, a German physiologist, born at Alt-Ruppin, Prussia, July 8, 1798, died in Berlin, March 27, 1871. He graduated at Berlin, where he became in 1825 extraordinary, and in 1883 ordinary professor of physiology. His works relating to his microscopical investigations of the movement of sap and the internal organ- ization of plants include Die Natur der le- bendigen Pftame (2 vols., Berlin, 1823); Sur la circulation et sur le vaisseaux lactiferes dans les plantes (1839), crowned by the French academy ; Die Cyclose des Lebenssaftes in den Pflanzen (Bonn and Breslau, 1841) ; Ueber Anaphytose oder Verjungung der Pflanzen (Berlin, 1843); Neues System der Morphologic der Pflamen (1847); and Die Verjungung im PJlamenreich (1851). In animal physiology his most important works are Ueber die Ver- jungung den menschlichen Lebens (Berlin, 1842) and Die Verjungung im Thierreich (1854). He endeavored to found a new system of psychology in his treatises Die Bildung des menschlichen Geistes durch Cultur der Ver- jungung (1855), Die Moral als Heilwissen- schaft und Culturwissenschaft (1863), and Die Physiolofjie der Verjungung des Lebens im Unterschiede von dynamischen und materia- listischen Stofficechseltheorien (1807). He also wrote on the history of medicine and the theory of disease. si 111 I.'I/K, Max, a German anatomist, born about 1825, died in Bonn, Jan. 16, 1874. He was professor at Bonn, where he superintend- ed the establishment of the new anatomical laboratory. From 1858 to 1861 he elaborated the protoplasm theory. (See PBOTOPLASM.) His works comprise Innere Bewegungserschei- nungen bei Diatomeen (in Troschel's Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 1860) ; Ueber Muskelkor- perchen (1860) ; Das Protoplasma der Rhizo- poden und der Pflamemellen (1863); and Zur Anatomic und Physiologic der Retina (1866). SCHULZE, Ernst Konnd Friedrith, a German poet, born in Celle, March 22, 1789, died there, June 29, 1817. He studied theology at G6ttingen, and afterward graduated in philol- ogy, but his friend Bouterwek turned his at- tention to aesthetic and classical studies. He wrote Cacilie, a romantic poem (2 vols., new ed., Leipsic, 1822), idealizing Cacilie Tychsen, a deceased lady to whom he had been attached. After participating in the war against France in 1814, he wrote Die bezauberte Rose (llth ed., Leipsic, 1867), which has been translated into English and French. His collected works have been edited by Bouterwek (4 vols., Leip- sic, 1822) and Marggraff (5 vols., 1855). SCHUMACHER, Helnrlcb Christian, a Danish as- tronomer, born at Bramstedt, Holstein, Sept. 3, 1780, died Dec. 28, 1850. He was educated at Kiel, Jena, Copenhagen, and Gottingen, re- sided from 1807 to 1810 in Altona, and in 1810 became extraordinary professor in the univer- sity of Copenhagen. In 1813 he became super- intendent of the observatory at Mannheim, and in 1815 ordinary professor of astronomy and superintendent of the observatory at Copen- hagen. In 1816 he was employed to measure the territory of Hamburg, and in 1817 to mea- sure the degrees of latitude from Lauenburg to Skagen, and the degrees of longitude from Copenhagen to the W. coast of Jutland. In 1821 he received the direction of the survey and mapping of Holstein and Lauenburg, and from that time lived in Altona. In 1824, in connection with the English board of longi- tude, he determined the difference of longitude between the observatories of Greenwich and Altona, and in 1830 he made at the castle of Guldenstein the observations in regard to the length of the seconds pendulum which served as the base of the Danish scale of measures. In 1822 he published accurate accounts of the distances of Venus, Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn from the moon. In 1821 he began his Astro- nomische Nachrichten, which is still continued ; and in conjunction with other astronomers, especially Bessel, he undertook at Stuttgart in 1836 the editing of an Astronomiches Jahr- buch. His nephew CHRISTIAN ANDREAS-, born Sept. 6, 1810, has published a course of lec- tures on astronomy, and a Danish translation of Humboldt's Kosmos (1847), and since 1848 has edited at Copenhagen the scientific and industrial journal Nordlyset. SCHUMANN, Robert, a German composer, born in Zwickau in 1810, died at Endenich, near Bonn, July 29, 1856. His father was a book- seller and publisher. At the age of eleven he wrote little choral and orchestral works. His musical education was to a great extent self- directed, and it was not until he went to the university of Leipsic in 1828 that he received intelligent instruction in music from Friedrich Wieck. In 1829 he attended lectures at Hei- delberg, returning to Leipsic in 1830 to receive instruction in counterpoint and composition from Heinrich Dorn. Here he acquired that systematic knowledge of thorough bass which he had thought unnecessary in his early years, and for want of which his earlier compositions lack grace of form and freedom of expression. With a view to obtaining flexibility of the
