808 SHAD BUSH SHAFTESBURY SHAD BUSH. See JUNE BERRY. SHADDOCK, a fruit of the citrus or orange genus, noted for its great size. In treating o other members of this genus the difficulty of tracing the commercial varieties to botan- ical species has been alluded to, and the same doubt surrounds the shaddock. The fruit was brought from Asia to the "West Indies by an Englishman, Capt. Shaddock. De Candolle is disposed to regard it as a species, not on ac- count of the size of the fruit, but because the leaves are downy on the under side and ciliate on the margins. The shaddock is a native of China and Cochin China, but is thoroughly established in the West Indies, where it pre- sents many varieties. The tree and fruit are Shaddock (Citrus decutnana). much larger than those of the common orange, but it can hardly be regarded as a valuable fruit, as its quality is very inferior. Its spe- cific name, decumcrna (Lat., immense), refers to its size, the fruit of shaddock often weigh- ing 6 or 8 Ibs. ; it is mainly useful in making up ornamental collections of tropical fruits. SHADWELL, Thomas, an English dramatist, born in Norfolk in 1640, died in 1692. He was educated at Cambridge, settled in Lon- don, and wrote for the stage. He obtained so great a reputation as a writer that he was set up as a rival of Dryden, on whose dismissal in 1688 he became poet laureate. He is now chiefly known as the hero of Dryden's satire of " MacFlecknoe ;" but the dulness there ascribed to him is altogether imaginary. His works were published collectively in 1720 (4 vols. 12mo). SHAFTESBrRY. I. Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of, an English statesman, born at Wim- borne St. Giles, Dorsetshire, July 22, 1621, died in Amsterdam, Jan. 22, 1683. His father was Sir John Cooper, of Rockbourne, Hants, and his mother Anne, daughter of Sir Anthony Ashley, Queen Elizabeth's secretary of war. He studied at Exeter college, Oxford, and at Lincoln's Inn, and represented Tewkesbury in the short parliament of 1640. In the civil war he first supported Charles I., but in 1644 went over to the parliament, raised a force in Dor- setshire, stormed Wareham, and reduced the surrounding country. He was a member of Cromwell's parliaments, and was appointed by the Barebones parliament one of the council of state, though openly opposed to many of Cromwell's measures. He retired from the council in 1654, and was a leader of the oppo- sition in parliament both before and after Cromwell's death. He was active in the over- throw of the second protectorate and the res- toration of Charles II., being a member of the commission sent to Breda to invite his return, and was appointed governor of the isle of Wight, lord lieutenant of Dorsetshire, chancel- lor of the exchequer, and a privy councillor, and in April, 1661, was created Baron Ashley. He was one of the commission for the trial of the regicides, whom he prosecuted with zeal. In 1667 he was made joint commissioner of the treasury. His title furnished the second letter for the name Cabal given to the Clifford min- istry (see CABAL), and he has been charged with the scheme of shutting up the exchequer. In 1672 he was created earl of Shaftesbury and made lord chancellor. He had no legal knowledge, was ignorant of his duties, and ser- vile to the king. Suddenly he began to oppose the government of which he was a member, and the king dismissed him (1673). His oppo- sition now became very violent, and in 1677 he was committed to the tower, where he re- mained more than a year, and was not released until he begged pardon on his knees. Oates's " popish plot " made him powerful, and he was the author of the test bill of 1678, under which Catholics were excluded from parlia- ment during 151 years. As president of the new permanent council he became nominal chief of the government ; but, aware of the instability of his condition, he determined that the duke of York should be excluded from the succession. In 1679 he framed and caused to be passed the habeas corput act. Parliament being dissolved and Shaftesbury dismissed, he became more violent than ever, induced Monmouth to return home, and tried to pro- cure the indictment of the duke of York as a recusant. In the parliament of 1679 the com- mons were completely under his influence, and he carried resolutions against the duke of York, and caused the exclusion bill to be again brought forward, which rapidly passed
