SOYER SPAIN" 203 is in general use as a condiment throughout Cochin-China, China, and other eastern coun- tries ; the Japanese is considered the best. It has a peculiar flavor, neither too salt nor sweet ; a thick consistence and clear brown color ; and leaves when shaken in a glass a coat of bright yellowish brown upon the sides. It is imported to be used with fish. The Chinese name for the sauce, according to Archer, is kitjap, from which our word catsup or ketchup is derived. SOYEll, Alexis, a French cook, born about 1800, died in England, Aug. 5, 1858. For sev- eral years anterior to 1850 he was chief cook at the Reform club, London. During the Cri- mean war he introduced among the troops at Constantinople an intelligent system of cook- ing. He published " Cookery for the People," Delassements culinaires (8vo, London, 1845), "Gastronomic Regenerator" (1847), "The Modern Housewife " (1849), &c. SPi, or Spaa, a watering place of Belgium, in the province and 16 m. S. E. of the city of Liege, in a beautiful valley of the Ardennes ; pop. about 5,000. It is well built, and has several squares and a fine bathing establish- ment, erected in 1865. The Pouhon or prin- cipal spring is under a colonnade built in honor of Peter the Great, who was here re- stored to health. The waters are chalybeate, and 150,000 bottles are exported yearly. The annual number of visitors exceeds 16,000. SPADA, Lioaello, an Italian painter, born in Bologna in 1576, died in Parma in 1622. He received his earliest education in the school of the Carracci, where he was employed while a boy as a color grinder ; subsequently he be- came a pupil of Caravaggio. After executing important works in Reggio, Modena, and Par- ma, he entered the service of Ranuccio, duke of Parma. His masterpiece is " San Domenico burning the proscribed Books of the Heretics." SPAGNOLETTO, a Spanish painter, whose real name was Jos6 Ribera, born in San Felipe de Jativa, Jan. 12, 1588, died in Naples in 1656. He was a pupil of Caravaggio, whose peculiar style he followed with enthusiasm, and settled in Naples about 1612. He excelled in chiaro- scuro, and delighted in gloomy subjects. His chief works are in Spain, but Naples possesses his "Martyrdom of St. Januarius," "St. Je- rome and St. Bruno," and " Descent from the Cross." Among his pupils was Salvator Rosa. SPAIN (anc. Iberia; Lat. Hispania ; Span. EspaUa), a kingdom of S. TV". Europe, forming with Portugal the Pyrenean or Iberian pen- insula. The name Hispania came into use among the Romans after the destruction of the Carthaginian power in the peninsula. It lies between lat. 36 and 43 48' N., and Ion. 3 20' E. and 9 21' W. Its greatest extent N. and S., from Cape Peilas in Asturias to Tarifa point and the strait of Gibraltar, is about 540 | m. ; E. and W., from Cape Creus in Catalonia j to near Cape Finisterre in Galicia, about 630 m. | It is bounded N. E. by France, with which it is connected by an isthmus about 240 m. wide, { and W. partly by Portugal ; on all other sides it is surrounded by water, viz. : E., S. E., and S. by the Mediterranean and the strait of Gib- raltar, which separates it from Africa, S. W. and W. by the Atlantic ocean, and N. by the bay of Biscay. In extent it holds the sixth rank among European states, being surpassed by Russia, Sweden and Norway, Austria, Ger- many, and France. The coast line of Spain, which forms nearly two thirds of its perimeter, is about 1,370 m. in length, of which about 600 m. belongs to the bay of Biscay and the Atlan- tic, and 770 m. to the Mediterranean. In the north, from the French frontier to Cape Or- tegal and thence to the mouth of the Minho, the coast is rocky, the height ranging from 40 to 300 ft. In the southwest, from the mouth of the Guadiana to that of the Guadalquivir, the shore is mostly low, sandy, and swampy; then it rises gradually, and in the bay of Alge- siras presents suddenly the magnificent rock of Gibraltar. From Gibraltar to Cape Palos at the southeast it is mostly rocky, but of lit- tle elevation. The E. coast, from Cape Palos to the French frontier, is alternately high and low ; a part of it is lined with lagoons, along which numerous salt works are established. The indentations of the Spanish coast are not considerable ; the greatest are the bay of Rosas and the gulf of Ampolla in the east, and the gulf of Almeria, the strait and bay of Gibral- tar, and the bay of Cadiz in the south. Among the most important capes are Creus, St. Sebas- tian, St. Martin, and Palos in the east, Gata and Trafalgar in the south, Finisterre in the west, and Ortegal, Pefias, and Machichaco in the north. There are few islands near the Spanish coast ; the most important are the Ba- learic, a group consisting of two larger (Ma- jorca and Minorca) and a number of smaller islands, and Iviza and Formentera (the Pity- usse of the ancients). Other small islands are the Isla de Leon, on which Cadiz stands, and the Columbretes, off the coast of Valencia. Excellent harbors are found in the northwest and west, of which those of Ferrol and Vigo are conspicuous ; the southwest has the almost unassailable harbor of Cadiz, and the northeast the harbors of Barcelona and Rosas. Spain has 230 rivers, of which only a few are naviga- ble. From the general direction of the moun- tain ranges, the main streams flow generally either E. or W. The principal rivers which water the basins inclining toward the Mediter- ranean are the Ebro, Guadalaviar, Jucar, and Segura, each of which receives several afflu- ents. Five large rivers run into the Atlantic, the Minho (Sp. Nino), Douro (Duero), Tagus (Tajo), Guadiana, and Guadalquivir. Two of these rivers, the Douro and the Tagus, have their mouths in the territory of Portugal, and two others, the Minho and Guadiana, on the confines of the two countries. The most im- portant of them in point of navigation is the Guadalquivir, the others being encumbered with rocks, shallows, and falls. The lakes are
