STONE 399 the finger introduced through the opening made into the urethra in front. The recto-vesical operation consists in cutting into the bladder from the rectum on the median line behind the prostate, or in dividing also the prostate and perineum in the median line. In the high operation the bladder is opened above the pubes through the linea alba, where there is no cov- ering of peritoneum. Lithotomy was practised 25 centuries ago ; Hippocrates bound his pupils by oath not to practise it, but it came into use again in the time of Celsus, in whose writings are found the first indications of the bilateral operation ; the lateral operation was first prac- tised toward the end of the 17th century; the supra-pubic method was first employed by Franco in the 16th century, and the recto- vesical by Sanson in the 19th. 4. Lithotripsy (more commonly called lithotrity) is indicated in patients beyond puberty, when the stone is single and not large, and when the urethra is not strictured, and the bladder and kidneys are not much diseased. The early instruments used for this purpose were very rude and danger- ous, the stone being grasped by branches made to protrude from a straight catheter, and then bored by a drill extending through the instru- ment and worked by a watchmaker's bow ; after it was bored it was crushed by another complicated instrument. To Civiale (18l7-'24) is unquestionably due the credit of having in- troduced the operation by improving the in- struments and the manner of their use. The instrument now used is composed of two sli- ding blades, introduced in the shape and after the manner of a sound, between which the stone is seized, and then crushed by the grad- ual pressure of a screw; the fragments may then be washed out by injections or by the urine, large pieces being again broken by the same or a smaller instrument. In properly se- lected cases, and with skilful manipulation, this operation is much safer than lithotomy. STONE. I. A N. county of Arkansas, bound- ed N. E. by "White river, and watered by the Little Eed river. It was formed in 1873 from portions of Independence, Izard, Searcy, and Van Buren counties. The surface is irregular. The soil produces cotton, grain, tobacco, and fruits. Timber is abundant. Iron, lead, and marble occur. Capital, Mountain View. II. A S. W. county of Missouri, bordering on Ar- kansas, intersected by "White river, and drained by its tributary the James; area, about 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,253, of whom 20 were colored. The surface is broken, and the soil fertile. The Atlantic and Pacific railroad touches the N. "W. corner. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 13,022 bushels of wheat, 121,735 of Indian corn, 14,340 of oats, 3,205 Ibs. of tobacco, 3,521 of wool, 27,817 of but- ter, and 3,808 gallons of sorghum molasses. There were 1,298 horses, 905 milch cows, 1,683 other cattle, 3,023 sheep, and 10,722 swine. Capital, Galena. III. An E. county of Dakota, recently formed and not included in the census 766 VOL. xv. 26 of 1870; area, about 700 sq. m. It is mostly table land, being occupied by the Coteau des Prairies, and has a rolling surface. STONE, Thomas, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born at Pointon Manor, Charles co., Md., in 1743, died at Port Tobacco, Md., Oct. 5, 1787. He was a lawyer, and was sent as a delegate to congress in 1774 and 1775. He strongly favored the establishment of an independent government, although under in- struction from the Maryland convention to oppose it ; but that state receded from its op- position in time to allow its delegates to sign the Declaration. He served on the committee to prepare a plan of confederation, and was reflected to congress in 1777 and 1783. STONE. I. William Leete, an American author, born at New Paltz, N. Y., April 20, 1792, died at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844. He was a printer, and edited successively the " Herkimer American," "Hudson "Whig," "The Lounger" (Hudson), "Albany Daily Advertiser," "Hart- ford Mirror," "The Knights of the Round Table" at Hartford, and from 1821 the New York " Commercial Advertiser." In 1843-'4 he was superintendent of common schools in New York. His principal works are : " History of the Great Albany Convention of 1821 " (8vo); "Narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Celebra- tion" (New York, 1825); "Letters on Mason- ry and Anti-Masonry " (1832) ; " Matthias and his Impostures " (12mo, 1832, and 18mo, 1835) ; "Tales and Sketches" (2 vols. 12mo, 1834); " Essays on Social and Literary Topics " (12mo, 1835) ; " Ups and Downs in the Life of a Dis- tressed Gentleman" (12mo, 1836); "Life of Maria Monk and Refutation of the Awful Dis- closures" (8vo, 1836); "Letters on Animal Magnetism" (8vo, 1837); "Life of Joseph Brant " (2 vols. 8vo, 1838 ; new ed. by "W. L. Stone, jr., with index, Albany, 1865) ; " Bor- der Wars of the American Revolution " (2 vols. 12mo, 1839) ; " Poetry and History of Wyo- ming" (12mo, 1841; with index, 1864); "Life of Red Jacket Sa-go-ye-wat-ha " (8vo, 1835 and 1841 ; new ed. with a life of the author by W. L. Stone, jr., 1866); and "Life of Uncas and Miantonomoh" (24mo, 1842). II. William Leete, jr., son of the preceding, born in New York, April 4, 1835. He graduated at Brown university in 1858 and at the Albany law school in 1859, and is now (1876) one of the editors of the " New York School Journal." He has published "Life and Times of Sir William Johnson, Bart.," begun by his father (2 vols. 8vo, 1865); "Life and Writings of Col. Wil- liam L. Stone " (1866) ; " Saratoga and its Min- eral Springs " (1866) ; " History of New York City " (1872) ; " The True History of the Jane McCrea Tragedy " (1874) ; " Reminiscences of Saratoga" (1874); and "Centennial Sketch- es" (1876). He has "translated from the Ger- man the "Memoirs and Letters of Mrs. Gen- eral Riedesel" (1867), and the "Life and Military Journals of Major General Riedesel " (2 vols. 8vo, 1868).
