430 STUART he took passage later made the passage safely. Lady Arabella was thrown into the tower, where she became ill from neglect and ill treat- ment, and finally insane a short time before her death. STUART, Gilbert, a Scottish author, born in Edinburgh in 1742 or 1746, died in Mussel- burgh, Aug. 13, 1786. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, and in 1767 pub- lished a " Historical Disquisition concerning the Antiquity of the British Constitution," which procured him the degree of LL. D., and in 1768 " View of Society in Europe in its Progress from Rudeness to Refinement." He failed to procure a professorship in Edin- burgh on account of his dissipation, spent sev- eral years in London, and in 1773 started the "Edinburgh Magazine and Review," in which for four years he published savage attacks upon prominent Scottish authors. He afterward again lived for some time in London. His re- maining works are : " Observations concerning the Public Law and Constitutional History of Scotland" (8vo, Edinburgh, 1779), an attack on Dr. Robertson, whom he especially hated ; " History of the Establishment of the Reforma- tion of Religion in Scotland" (4to, London, 1780); and "History of Scotland from the Reformation to the Death of Queen Mary " (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1782). STUART, Gilbert Charles, an American painter, born in Narragansett, R. I., in 1756, died in Boston in July, 1828. He received his first instructions from a Scottish painter named Alexander, by whom, when about 18 years of age, he was taken to Edinburgh. His master died soon after their arrival in that city, and Stuart worked his passage home before the mast, and began practice as a portrait painter at Newport, R. I. He removed successively to Boston, and New York, and set sail in 1778 for London, where for two years he made little progress, and suffered greatly from poverty ; but becoming acquainted with Benjamin West, he received valuable assistance from him, and for several years resided in his family. About 1781 he began practice in London on his own account, and soon rose to great eminence as a portrait painter, rivalling Reynolds and the best English artists of the day. Subsequently he resided successively in Dublin and Paris, and in 1793 returned to America. He went to Philadelphia to paint a portrait of Washing- ton, and destroyed his first picture ; but at the second sitting he produced the well known head from which he painted all his other por- traits of Washington, and which has long been regarded as the standard likeness. The origi- nal study, together with a head of Mrs. Wash- ington, is now in the possession of the Boston Athenffium. After residing several years in Washington, he settled in 1806 in Boston. As a painter of heads he holds the first place among American painters, if we except Cop- ley, and his flesh coloring rivals the finest modern efforts. Upon accessories he bestowed little labor, and they are sometimes finished in the most slovenly manner. STUART, Henry Benedict Maria Clement, Cardi- nal York, the last of the Stuart family in the male line, born in Rome in 1725, died at Fras- cati in 1807. He was the son of the pretend- er James Francis Edward, who created him duke of York, and the younger brother of the " young pretender " Charles Edward, whom he was preparing to aid with a body of French troops assembled at Dunkirk when the over- throw of the Jacobites at Culloden ruined the Stuart cause in Britain. He subsequently took orders in the Roman Catholic church, and in 1747 was appointed by Benedict XIV. a car- dinal,- the ducal title given him by his father, though valueless in England, being recognized by the pope in the style of his nomination as Cardinal York. On the death of his brother in 1788 he assumed the title of king of Eng- land as Henry IX., gratia Dei, non voluntate hominum, as the medal struck on the occasion declared. On the occupation of the Papal States by the French he retired to Venice, and in his last years was dependent upon the Brit- ish court for the means of subsistence. STUART, James, sometimes called Athenian Stuart, an English antiquary, born in London in 1713, died Feb. 2, 1788. In early life, till about 1742, he painted fans. He then went to Rome, where he studied art, the ancient languages, and archaeology. In 1750 he ac- companied Nicholas Revett on an antiquarian tour to Greece, remaining in Athens from March, 1751, to the close of 1753. Returning to London in 1755, he engaged in the practice of architecture, and began, at first in conjunc- tion with Revett, a work on the "Antiqui- ties of Athens." The work was completed in 4 vols. imp. fol., with 384 plates; the first volume appeared in 1762, and the other three were edited respectively by Newton (1787), W. Reveley (1794), and Joseph Woods (1816). A second edition of the first three volumes with smaller plates, and a supplementary vol- ume with 50 plates, were published by Kin- nard (1825-'30). Among other editions is one in French (4 vols. fol. and a supplementary volume, Paris, 1808-'32). STUART, John, earl of Bute. See BUTE. STUART, Moses, an American author, born at Wilton. Conn., March 26, 1780, died in Ando- ver, Mass., Jan. 4, 1852. He graduated at Yale college in 1799, was admitted to the bar in 1802, and for the two succeeding years was a tutor in Yale college. He afterward studied theology, and was ordained pastor of the first Congregational church of New Haven, March 5, 1806. From 1809 to 1848 he was professor of sacred literature in the theological semina- ry at Andover. He published a " Grammar of the Hebrew Language without Points " (An- dover, 1813) ; "Letters to the Rev. William E. Channing, containing Remarks on his Sermon recently preached and published in Baltimore " (1819) ; a " Grammar of the Hebrew Language
