SUSA is healthful, and the soil generally good. The principal productions are the cereals and le- gumes, and the date, olive, argan, fig, almond, and grape. The mountains are rich in min- erals, particularly copper and lead, and there are numerous mines which were anciently worked. The inhabitants, who are Shelloohs or Berbers and Arabs, are more austere and more warlike than others of the Moroccans, and use neither tobacco, liquors, nor coffee. They possess but few cattle or sheep. Taru- dant, the chief city, a walled town with five gates, is in the valley of the river Sus, 44 m. from the coast. The X. part of Sus, above the river Gaz, is ruled by the governor of Ta- rudant under the authority of Morocco. Taze- roualt, S. of the Gaz, is governed by a nomi- nally independent sovereign, and the remainder is under independent sheiks. SUSA (Gr. rd Sowa, the city of lilies), an an- cient city of Persia, the Shushan (Heb., lily) of the Scriptures, the capital of the province of Susiana, and one of the residences of the court. It was between the Ohoaspes (the modern Kerkha) and the Coprates (Abzal, an affluent of the Karun), enjoyed a fine climate, and was one of the largest cities of the Persian empire. Strabo says it was 120 stadia in circumference, and surrounded with a wall of burnt brick. According to Pliny, it was founded by Darius Hystaspis, though others make Tithonus, the father of Memnon, its founder. It was for a long period the chief treasury of the Persian empire. In 325 B. 0., when visited by Alex- ander, it possessed immense wealth, and from its plunder he gave largesses to his soldiers and presents of great value to his generals on the occasion of his marriage with Barsine and Parysatis. There has been considerable controversy as to the site of the ancient city, but the discovery by Sir. W. F. Williams and Mr. "W. K. Loftus of a gigantic tumulus and cuneiform and Greek inscriptions at the mod- ern Sus, E. of the Kerkha, establish that as the locality of Susa, over Shuster, which was formerly suggested as a probable site. SUSIANA (also Susis and Cissia), an ancient province or region of Persia, of great extent, mountainous in the northeast, but mostly a plain, lying between the Zagros mountains and the Tigris, bounded N. by Media and S. by the Persian gulf. It nearly corresponded to the modern province of Khuzistan. It was drained by the Pasitigris (supposed to be the lower Karun), the Eulasus (the upper Karun), the Choaspes (Kerkha), the Coprates (Abzal), the Hedypnus (Jerrahi), and the Oroatis (Tab). Its earliest inhabitants were the Elymsei, prob- ably the Elamites of Scripture, a portion of whom still occupied it in the time of Strabo ; the other tribes mentioned as settled in the province are the Susii, who were agriculturists and had their villages on the plain, and the Cissii, Cosssei, Uxii, and Messabatas, all preda- tory mountaineers. (See ELYMAIS, and KHU- ZISTAN.) SUSQUEHANNA 493 SUSO, Heinrich, a German ascetic writer, also known as Brother Amandus, but whose real name was Von Berg, born in Ueberlingen, on Lake Constance, about 1300, died in Ulm, Jan. 25, 1365. He was educated in a Dominican convent at Constance, and at Cologne under the mystic Eckhart. After his mother's death he adopted her family name in his 18th year, and led a life of penance at the Constance convent till 1340, when he became an itinerant preacher of great influence, especially among women. His anniversary is celebrated by the Dominicans on March 2. Gorres, who translated his autobiography, regarded him as among the most fascinating writers of his class, and his Horologium Sapientice ^Eternal (1480) ranked in the middle ages next to the " Imitation of Christ." His works, which were written in Latin, have been often reprinted and translated into several languages (modern German by Diepenbrock, Ratisbon, 1829 and 1838). A new edition of his Brief e, by Prega, appeared in 1867. SUSQUEHAMA, a river of New York, Penn- sylvania, and Maryland, having its source in Otsego lake, Otsego co., N. Y. It flows gen- erally S. W. to the Pennsylvania line in Broome co., receiving the Unadilla and several smaller tributaries; near the Pennsylvania boundary it flows around the base of a spur of the Alle- ghanies to Binghamton, forming what is called the "Great Bend;" after receiving the Che- nango at Binghamton, its course is W. by S. till it again reaches the Pennsylvania line, where it takes a S. E. direction to Pittston, Luzerne co., receiving the Tioga and numer- ous small tributaries in its course; at Pitts- ton it turns sharply S. W., passes Wilkesbarre, and receives near Sunbury the large affluent known as the West branch of the Susquehan- na, which is more than 200 m. long, rising above Clearfield, and passing that town, Lock Haven, and Williamsport ; then turning south- ward, it receives the Juniata 14 m. above Harrisburg, and flowing thence S. E. enters the Chesapeake bay at "Havre de Grace. Its length is a little more than 400 m. from Ot- sego lake to the bay, and from the junction of the two branches 153 m. The river is gen- erally shallow, and its course much broken by rapids; in the spring, during flood, rafts and strong boats float down from Binghamton, but at other times it is not navigable. Immense quantities of timber are transported upon it. Canals have been constructed along its banks, on the main stream for 125 m., and on the West branch for 124 m. Its waters abound with fish. The lower waters of the Susque- hanna are famous for a great abundance of ducks and other wild fowl. SUSQUEHAMA, a K. E. county of Pennsyl- vania, bordering on New York, and drained by tributaries of the Susquehanna river, a por- tion of which lies in the EF. part of the county ; area, 800 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 37,523. The surface is very hilly, and the soil fertile and
