SWEDEN (LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE) 0. G. Thomsen, whose Slcandinaviens Coleop- tera (1857-70) is well known, and T. Thorell, author of a valuable work on European spi- ders. The chief laborer in ornithology, be- sides Nilsson, has been C. J. Sundevall (died 1875). Among mathematicians J. Svanberg, and among physicists Z. Nordmark (died 1828), F. Eudberg, F. W. von Ehrenheim (died 1828), A. J. Angstrom (1814-74), and A. G. Theo- rell (died 1875), have gained considerable emi- nence. Medical science furnishes the names of A. O. Retzius (died 1860), his brother M. 0. Retzius, and J. Hvasser. Prominent legal scholars have been L. G. Rabenius and his son T. Rabenius, E. Bergfalk (also known as a po- litical economist), J. J. ISTordstrom, F. Schreve- lius, C. Nauman, J. 0. Lindblad, J. G. Carlen (died 1874), and 0. J. Schlytte (born 1795), the able editor of Sweden's ancient provin- cial codes. Sweden has a native philosophical school, whose founder, G. J. Bostrom (died 1866), developed the most purely idealistic sys- tem that has appeared. The Fichte-Schelling school is represented by the historian Geijer, the poet Atterbom, S. Grubbe, and N. F. Bi- berg (died 1827) ; while Hegel's theories have found defenders in E. S. Bring and J. W. Snell- man. The Bostromian philosophy has recent- ly been ably expounded by G. Nyblseus in a most important work on the history of Swe- dish philosophy (1873). Purely sesthetical are Atterbom, Hammarskold, and A. Torneros. Swedish geography and statistics are much in- debted to W. Tham and C. af Forsell. F. W. Palmblad, G. Thome"e, Rietz, P. Leestadius, J. Berggren, G. von Heidenstam, Hedenborg, G. von Diiben, A. Klinkowstrom, 0. D. Arfweds- son, F. Bremer, 0. A. Gosselman, and N. J. Andersson are prominent names in the litera- ture of travels; and of late 0. W. Paijkull (died 1872), by his account of Iceland, and A. E. Nordenskjold, by his arctic researches, have gained an extended reputation. The study of Icelandic and its literature has been promoted by the labors of A. A. Afzelius, A. J. D. Cnat- tingius, Carl Save, A. O. Lindfors. and G. Ce- derschjold. A. Uppstrom published a critical edition of Ulfilas. In other philological de- partments M. Norberg (died 1826), 0. M. Agrell (died 1840), O. F. Tullberg, J. Berggren, C. Landberg, and P. J. Petterson (died 1874) have distinguished themselves. The chief names in doctrinal theology are H. Reuterdahl, M. E. Ahlman, G. Knos (died 1837), L. G. Anjou, F. G. Hedberg, A. Wiberg, and N. Ignell. Pe- culiarly attractive from the union of candor, faith, and dialectical power are the popular religious works of P. Vikner. Among ration- alists V. Rydberg is the most famous. In ex- egetics the prominent writers are B. J. Berg- qvist, J. H. Thomander (died 1865), and Bishop Agardh ; in pastoral theology the most noted are A. G. Knos and A. Z. Pettersson ; in eccle- siastical history, Reuterdahl, L. G. Anjou, and J. J. Thomaeus (died 1845). Among theologi- cal literature may also be included the elabo- rate work of Biickman, FiJrsok till en Svenslc Psalmhistoria (1873). The teachings of Swe- denborg have been zealously followed by J. Tybeck, C. U. Beurling, and A. Kahl. In Swe- dish history the first place is due to Eric Gus- taf Geijer (1783-1847), whose works are mod- els of historic composition. Anders Fryxell (born 1795) and Strinnholm also rank high as historians. Minor historical writers are P. A. Granberg, G. A. Silfverstolpe (1772-1824), J. F. af Lundblad (born 1791), A. Cronholm, A. A. Afzelius, 0. G. Styffe, H. Jarta, A. I. Ar- widsson, F. F. Carlson (born 1811), G. Swe- derus, and J. Hellstenius. Political literature is chiefly devoted to questions of internal gov- ernment, and one of its prominent works is a study on "The Swedish Parliament" (Den Svenska Riksdagen, 1873) by Rydin ; recent publicists and political writers of high reputa- tion are P. E. Svedbom (died 1857) and A. Sohlman (1824-74), successive editors of the Aftoribladet, the most influential journal of the capital, J. A. Hazelius (died 1871), and M. J. Crusenstolpe (1795-1865). The works on Swedish statistics by E. Sidenbladh and C. E. Ljungberg are highly esteemed. The foremost archaeologists of the period are N. Sjoborg, J. G. Liljegren (died 1837), A. E. Holmberg, B. E. Hildebrand, II. Hildebrand, Montelius, C. G. Brunius, and R. Dybeck. Works on Swedish literary history have been published by L. Ham- marskold (1785-1827), P. Wieselgren (born 1800), J. E. Rydqvist, J. Lenstrom, and Ljung- gren. The BiograpTiisk Lexikon a biographical dictionary of celebrated Swedes, edited by Palm- blad and subsequently by Wieselgren, is in 25 volumes. This is the brightest age in the an- nals of Swedish poetry. F. M. Franz6n (1772- 1847) has gained a lasting renown by his naive and idyllic lyrics. J. O. Wallin (1779-1839) revised in 1819 the Swedish psalm book, a collection of religious verse hardly excelled in modern hymnology, and added 117 psalms by himself and 73 by Franzen, inferior to none in the book. J. D. Valerius, best known by his bacchanalian songs, and J. M. Silfverstolpe (1777-1831), rather a translator than an ori- ginal poet, both belonged to the earlier part of the century. Two new poetic schools, of vast influence upon polite literature, arose at the beginning of this period, the romantic and the Gothic. The former was represented by the journals Polyfem (1810-'12), edited by J. C. Askelof (1787-1848), and Fosforcs, whence its members are sometimes styled Fosforister or phosphorists. At the head of this school stood P. D. A. Atterbom (1790-1855) as a poet, and Palmblad and Hammarskold as crit- ics. Atterbom's long poem, Lyckmlighetens
- ("The Island of Bliss"), his Blommorna
("The Flowers"), and many of his shorter lyrics, are characterized by depth of fancy and feeling. Other Fosforister were C. F. Dahl- gren (1791-1844), author of Mollbergs Epis- tlar, an imitation of the songs of Bellman; C. E. Fahlcrantz (1790-1866), a successful hu-
