564 TANAIS color, and the gape, as in others of the genus, well provided with bristles bending downward; the females olive above and reddish yellow be- low, as are the young males ; the color is lighter and more rosy than in the scarlet tanager, and the bill is much larger. It is found in the S. Atlantic and gulf states and Guatemala, is so sensitive to cold that it rarely goes further north than Massachusetts, and is not seen in the southern states after the middle of Septem- ber ; it is of solitary habits, preferring growths of stunted hickories and oaks. The song is like the syllables " chicky, chucky, chuck," and is chiefly at night ; the food consists of insects, especially large beetles, taken on the wing ; the nest is rudely made and insecurely fastened to its supporting branch; the eggs are four or five, light blue, and are incubated for 12 days by both sexes. In the genus tanagra (Linn.) the bill is short, elevated at base, rather trian- gular ; the wings moderate, with the third and fourth quills longest. There are many species, all South American, living in troops ; the nest is carelessly made. The bishop tanager (T. episcopus, Linn.) is purplish violet, with the small wing coverts bluish white, the middle shaded with violet, the larger ashy, and the wings and tail blackish bordered with blue. The genus calliste (Boie) comprises about 30 species of the most beautifully variegated of tropical birds, all inhabitants of the dense South American forests. The best known species is the festive tanager (C. f estiva, Boie), which has the throat and crown blue, forehead and upper back black, collar scarlet, rest of plumage parrot green. The celebrated orga- nista, remarkable for the sweetness and great compass of its voice, belongs to the genus euphonia. JAVA IS. See DON. TMANARIVO, or Antananarivo, a city of Mada- gascar, capital of the province of Imerne in the territory of Ankova, and the residence of the so-called sovereign (now queen) of Mada- gascar, near the middle of the island, in lat. 18 56' S., Ion. 47 28' E. ; pop. about 75,000. It is on a long irregular hill in the midst of a highly cultivated valley, 18 m. long by 10 m. wide, and 7,000 ft. above the sea. The houses of the better classes are substantially constructed of wood, with high bamboo roofs thatched with rushes; those of the poorer classes are of split bamboo covered with mats. The palace, on the summit of the hill, is rec- tangular, about 60 ft. high, with a tall roof pierced with three rows of windows, and with double verandas. A smaller palace near by is the residence of the prince royal, and the houses of the chief nobles and military officers are in the immediate vicinity. N. of the pal- ace is a natural amphitheatre, capable of hold- ing 100,000 persons, where large public assem- blies are held. Courts are held in the open air W. of the palace, and a little beyond is a precipice 300 ft. high, down which those con- victed of witchcraft and sorcery are thrown. TANEY Through the efforts of the missionaries a marked improvement has taken place of late years in the habits and manner of life of the people, who have adopted many European cus- toms. Schools and chapels have been estab- lished, printing offices opened, and many thou- sand Bibles and other books printed. TANCRED, an Italian crusader, born in 1078, died in Antioch in 1112. He was a son of the marquis Odo or Ottobonus and of Emma, a daughter of Tancred de Hauteville and sister of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia. He took the cross under his cousin Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard, made over his heritage to his younger brother, and embarked in 10U6 from Taranto. In the plains of Chalcedon his troops joined those of Godfrey of Bouillon, with whom he formed an intimate friendship. At the siege of Nicsea in 1097 he distinguished himself, at the battle of Dorylseum saved the army of the cross from destruction, and after the taking of Nicsea led the advanced guard through Asia Minor. He took possession of Tarsus and Malmistra, to both of which Baldwin laid claim, giving rise to a bitter quarrel ; but they were afterward reconciled. He achieved great distinction during the siege of Antioch; and at the storming of Jerusalem he was one of the first to mount the walls. In the carnage and rapine which followed, he almost alone of the Christian knights manifested compassion, and at the risk of his own life saved thou- sands of the captured. When the sultan of Egypt marched toward Jerusalem, Tancred de- feated his advanced guard, and shared in the subsequent victory at Ascalon, Aug. 12, 1099. He afterward took Tiberias, beleaguered Jaffa, and was made prince of Tiberias or Galilee. Bohemond, now prince of Antioch, being taken prisoner by the Saracens, Tancred marched to his relief, and administered his government during his detention; and when Bohemond after his release went to Europe to arm the West against the Byzantine empire, he left the defence of Antioch to Tancred. During his absence his principality was attacked on all sides, but was heroically defended by Tancred, who reduced Artesia, besieged Tripoli in 1109, and subsequently withstood in Antioch a se- vere siege from the Saracens. Bohemond died at Salerno, and the host he had collected was scattered. Tancred now resumed the offen- sive, defeated the Saracens, and forced the sul- tan to evacuate Syria. His exploits have been celebrated, partly in prose, partly in verse, by Raoul de Caen, in Les gestes de Tancrede; and he is one of the principal characters of Tas- so's "Jerusalem Delivered." TANEY, a S. W. county of Missouri, border- ing on Arkansas, and drained by White river and its affluents; area, about 700 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,407, of whom 10 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,375 bushels of wheat, 135,577 of Indian corn, 11,075 of oats, and 48,250 Ibs. of butter. There were 1,163
