SIKIUS SISMONDI 69 as well as nine independent native Cis-Sutlej states in subsidiary alliance with the British government, as follows: Patiala, area 5,412 iq. m., pop. 1,650,000 ; Jhind, 863 sq. m., )op. 189,475; Nabha, 863 sq. rn., pop. 227,- 155 ; Kalsia, 155 sq. m., pop. 62,000 ; Maler- )tla, 165 sq. ra., pop. 46,200 ; Furidkot, 643 [. m., pop. 68,000 ; Dyalgurh, Mumdot, and likot. Separate from the group, on -the iks of the Beas, but usually classed with the >ikh states of Sirhind, is the state of Kapur- lala, with an area of 598 sq. m. ; pop. 253,- The Sikhs predominate, except in Maler- [otla, which is Mohammedan, and Furidkot, rhere the ruler is a Jat. Sirhind is traversed the Saraswati, Ghaggar, and other affluents )f the Sutlej, but, although fertile, requires Iditional irrigation, which will be supplied by canal system now in process of construc- m by the government, to have a total length 554 m. The Feroze canal, in the S. part of irhind, was originally constructed from the Fumna to Hissar by Feroze Shah (1351-'87), in ler to water his hunting grounds, and has restored by the British. The railway >m Delhi to Lahore crosses Sirhind. Those >rtions of the Punjaub directly subject to the >vernment of India were mainly acquired du- the Sikh wars. The sovereign states were ranteed their independence, under British protection, by treaty with Runjeet Singh in 1809. II. A town in the Sirhind state of Pa- tiala, lat. 30 36' N., Ion. 76 25' E., founded Feroze Shah in 1357, and once an impor- it city, but subjected to repeated captures luring the Sikh wars, and now largely in ruins, tt is on the line of the Delhi railway. SIRIUS. See DOG STAE. SIRBKKYD, Jacques, a French scholar, born in iom in October, 1559, died in Paris, Oct. 7, L651. He was a Jesuit, and in 1590 became atary to the general of the order, Claudio L.cquaviva. In 1608 he went to Paris to edit collection of the histories of the French mrch councils. In 1637, to prevent his re- irning to Rome, he was chosen by Louis XIII. his confessor. He was involved in contro- ies with Salmasius, Saint-Cyran, and oth- His principal original works are: Notes oB (4to, Frankfort, 1612), directed dnst Richer's work on the temporal and spiritual pOAvers; Concilia antiqua Gallics (3 vols. fol., Paris, 1629); and Historia Paniten- tics PubliccB (1651). A collected edition of his works appeared in 1696 (5 vols. fol.), with a life of the author by Labaune. He published many editions of ancient authors. SIROCCO, or Scirocco, a S. E. wind of a suffo- cating and parching heat, which at certain in- tervals, especially in spring and autumn, blows with great violence in the islands of the Medi- terranean and on the S. coasts of Italy, for 36 or 48 hours together, and sometimes even for a week or more, and which exerts a most per- nicious influence on animal and vegetable life. It is regarded as similar in character to the simoom, though of longer duration, and tem- pered while passing over the Mediterranean. It is hottest in Malta and Sicily, but of short continuance. In the Ionian isles it blows for a longer period, but usually not so fiercely. The inhabitants of these isles speak of the black and the ordinary sirocco. It produces very little change either in the thermometer or the barometer, but causes a sensation of terrible heat and suffocation, great prostration, and copious perspiration. SISKIN. See ABEEDEVINE. SISKIWIT. See TEOUT. S1SKHOF, a N. county of California, bor- dering on Oregon; pop. in 1870, 6,848, of whom 1,440 were Chinese. It formerly had an area of 8,740 sq. m., extending from Ne- vada to "W. of the Coast mountains; but in 1874 the E. portion was set off to form Modoc co. It is intersected by the Klamath river, and watered by several of its tributaries. The surface is elevated. Mt. Shasta in the S. part, in the transverse range joining the Sierra Nevada and Coast mountains, is an extinct volcano, 14,442 ft. high, and covered with per- petual snow. The principal agricultural dis- trict is Scott's valley, 40 m. long by 7 m. wide. The chief productions in 1870 were 116,107 bushels of wheat, 131,383 of oats, 55,138 of barley, 17,066 of potatoes, 43,858 Ibs. of wool, 95,800 of butter, and 12,392 tons of hay. There were 4,654 horses, 24,254 cattle, 12,844 sheep, and 7,499 swine; 8 flour mills, and 8 saw mills. Capital, Yreka. SISMOMH, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de, a French historian, born in Geneva, May 9, 1773, died there, June 25, 1842. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman, and of remote Italian descent. After completing his classical studies, he was placed in a commercial house at Lyons. He subsequently resided with his family in England for some time, and having returned to Geneva about 1794, he and his father were driven into exile for assisting a political refu- gee. He returned to Geneva in 1800, became a secretary of the chamber of commerce, and published in 1803 Traite de la rickesse commer- cial, ou principes d 'economic politique (2 vols. 8vo). In this work he supported the principles of Adam Smith, but his views afterward un- derwent a radical change. The influence of Mme. de Stael, whom he accompanied to Ger- many and Italy, and of her friends, turned his attention to historical labors, in which he re- vealed his ardent love of humanity. In 1819 he married Miss Allen, a sister of Sir James Mackintosh's second wife, and declined chairs at the Sorbonne and the college de France, to spend the rest of his life at Geneva. His prin- cipal works are : Histoire des republiques ita- liennes du moyen age (16 vols., Zurich, 1807- '18 ; new ed., 10 vols., Paris, 1840) ; La littera- ture du midi de V Europe (4 vols., 1818 ; 4th ed., 1840 ; English translation by Thomas Ros- coe, with notes, 4 vols., 1823) ; Nouveaux prin- cipes d 1 economic politique (2 vols., 1819) ; His-
