806 TORQUATUS TORQUEMADA causing a motion of the armatures in either of two directions. This enables him by ingenious devices to control valves which apply the mo- tive power as desired, and thus start, stop, and steer the boat. The idea was first patented by Lieut. Col. Bullard, R. E., but it has been in- dependently elaborated by Mr. Lay, by Mr. H. J. Smith of this country, and by Col. Sche- liha in Russia. A modification of the idea has been made by Capt. Ericsson, who places his motive power (compressed air) with the operator, and supplies it to the fish through a flexible tube, thus enabling him to control both its speed and direction. The tube is drawn after the fish as it advances. This kind of torpedo seems to be especially fitted for use on shipboard, where the engines may be made to supply the compressed air, and where, by ad- vancing upon the enemy, a short range can usually be secured. TORQUATUS, Titus Manilas Imperiosas, a hero of Roman story, of the 4th century B. 0. He was brought up in privacy in the country, on which account in 362 the tribune M. Pompo- nius charged his father, who was hated by the people for his haughtiness, with being a tyran- nical parent. The young Manlius compelled Pomponius to withdraw his accusation; and this act of filial devotion so pleased the Ro- mans that he was made the same year military tribune. In the Gallic invasion of 361 he slew in single combat a gigantic enemy on the bridge over the Anio upon the Salarian road, and took from his neck the chain (torques) and put it around his own ; from which circumstance he was called Torquatus. In 353, though he had not yet held the consulship, he was made dic- tator in order to carry on the war against the C&rites and their allies, and in 349 was again made dictator for the purpose of holding the comitia. He was consul in 347, 344, and 340. In 340 his colleague was P. Decius Mus, and the two were appointed to carry on the war against the Latin league. While they were in the plain of Capua an order was issued for- bidding all single encounters with the enemy ; but Titus Manlius, the son of Torquatus, fought with Mettius Geminus of Tusculum, and slew him. Returning to the camp, he laid the spoils at his father's feet ; but Torquatus assembled the soldiers in the praetorium, and in their presence his son was beheaded. The young men of Rome from that time regarded Tor- quatus with abhorrence. In this campaign a great victory was gained over the Latins at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius, and Torquatus re- turned to Rome in triumph. According to the Fasti, he was dictator again in 320, but the dates of his life vary in different authors. TORQUAY, a town of England, in Devonshire, on a peninsula on the N. E. side of Tor bay, 167 m. W. S. W. of London ; pop. in 1871, 21,657. It has two principal streets lined with substantial houses of limestone, with several fine churches, a town hall, theatre, numerous schools, assembly and reading rooms, a me- chanics' institute, and a public garden. Earth- enware, yellow ochre, cider, and fish are ex- ported. It has grown up within 50 years from a fishing village, and owes its progress mainly to its fine climate, making it a desirable health resort. Tor bay is a large and well protected harbor. William of Orange landed here in 1688. In the vicinity are the ruins of Tor- quay abbey, founded in 1196. About a mile from the town is Kent's hole, or cavern, in which have been found bones of the elephant, rhinoceros, bear, hysena, and other animals now extinct in England. It has been penetra- ted to the depth of 600 ft., and scientific ex- plorations are still in progress. TORQUEMADA (Lat. TUKRECREMATA), Jnan de, a Spanish theologian, born at Valladolid in 1388, died in Rome, Sept. 26, 1468. He be- came a Dominican friar in 1403, accompanied his superior to the council of Constance in 1417, graduated in the university of Paris in 1424, taught theology there, and was suc- cessively chosen prior of the Dominican con- vents of Valladolid and Toledo. In 1431 he was appointed by Pope Eugenius IV. " mas- ter of the sacred palace," and his own theo- logian at the council of Basel. He there contributed to the solemn condemnation of the doctrines of Wy cliff e and Huss, and main- tained that the doctrine of the immaculate conception was divinely revealed. In 1439 he attended the council of Florence as papal com- missary, and was foremost in drawing up the " articles of reunion" between the Greek and Latin churches, receiving on this occasion from the pope the title of "defender of the faith." He was made a cardinal on Dec. 18 of that year. In 1440 he attended in the pope's name at the national council of Bourges, where ho succeeded in keeping the French prelates on the side of Eugenius IV. He became bishop of Palestrina in 1455, and of Sabina in 1464. His most important works are : Meditationes Joannis de Turrecremata positce et depletes de ipsius mandate in Ecclesim Ambitu Sancta Maria de Minerva (fol., Rome, 1467, with 34 engravings on wood) ; Expositio Irevis et uti- lis super toto Psalterio (4to, Rome, 1470 ; fol., Augsburg, 1472, with many subsequent edi- tions) ; Qucestiones Spiritualis Convivii deli- das praferentes super Evangeliis (fol., Rome, 1477 ; Nuremberg, 1478) ; Commentarii in Decretum Gratiani (6 vols. fol., Lyons, 1519; Venice, 1578; 2 vols., Rome, 1726). Many of his works have not been published. TORQUE9IADA, Tomas de, the first Spanish in- quisitor general, born at Torquemada about 1420, died in Avila, Sept. 16, 1498. He be- came a Dominican and prior of the monastery of the Holy Cross in Segovia, and in 1483 was made inquisitor general for Spain by Ferdi- nand and Isabella, in which post he was con- firmed by the pope on Oct. 17. From him the inquisition received its thorough organization. Tribunals were established at Seville, Cordova, Jaen, and Ciudad Real (later transferred to
