822 TOULOUSE tigneau and Mourillon ; and it contains a ba- gnio for prisoners sentenced to transportation. The adjoining commercial port is bounded by a quay, which is the most active part of Tou- lon. Ship building is largely carried on, but trade and industry are chiefly supported by the military and naval works, which employ 10,000 men. Toulon was known as a harbor Toulon. under the Romans, then called Telo Martius. In the middle ages it suffered from the Sara- cens. The fortifications were first projected as a defence against pirates. Under Louis XIV. they became celebrated, withstanding in 1707 a combined attack by the English and Dutch fleets and a land army under Prince Eugene ; and they were extended under Napo- leon III. In 1793 the English gained posses- sion of Toulon, but were besieged by the troops of the convention, and finally driven out (Dec. 19),. under the direction of Bonaparte, who first established his reputation on this occasion. In revenge for the previous surrender of the royalist inhabitants to a foreign power, the town was given up to pillage and massacre. TOULOUSE (anc. Tolosa), a city of France, in Languedoc, capital of the department of Haute- Garonne, on the Garonne, 130 m. S. E. of Bor- deaux ; pop. in 1872, 124,852. It includes an island in the river, and the suburb of St. Cy- prien, where 25,000 workmen resided before its destruction by the floods of 1875. It is more remarkable for historical associations and for its active industry than for external attractions. The square is called after the capitol or. town hall, where the once famous floral games are still annually held under the auspices of a liter- ary society. The church of St. Sernin is more remarkable than the cathedral, and is a mas- terpiece of Romanesque architecture, recently restored by Viollet-Leduc. The church of the Cordeliers, of the 13th century, was destroyed by fire in 1871. Toulouse has one of the rich- est museums of art, located in a former mon- astery, and various learned institutions, a pub- lic library of 60,000 volumes, an observatory, and an arsenal. The palace of justice was for- merly the seat of the Toulouse parliament. The trade with both the Mediterranean and the Atlantic is active. Woollen and cotton goods, cutlery, hardware, and many other arti- cles are manufactured. Toulouse is of great antiquity. It became the capital of the Visi- goths in the 5th century, and subsequently of the duchy of Aquitaine. Local counts or dukes were the rulers from the end of the 8th till late in the 13th century, in the early part of Church of St. Sernin. which a crusade was carried on against Counts Raymond VI. and Raymond VII. (See ALBI- GENSES.) Philip III. annexed it to the French crown, under which it remained the capital of Languedoc till the revolution. During the mid-
