tions either by sale, partial sale, or gift, as may seem best in each case, from the desire to do good, and also engages as opportunity offers in the more direct missionary labors of preaching, prayer, and religious conversation; his expenses are partly defrayed by the society, and partly by the sales of books. Through this agency, for the 34 years from its establishment in 1842 to 1875, 10,503,696 volumes were sold and 2,780,066 given away.—The different religious denominations have each also their tract or publication societies, of which the most important particulars are given in the following table:
| ORGANIZATIONS. | Date of Organization. |
No. of publications on catalogue. |
ISSUED DURING THE YEAR 1874-'5. |
Value of issue during 1874-'5. | |
| Volumes. | Tracts, pamphlets, and periodicals. | ||||
| Methodist Episcopal book concern | 1789 | 2,809 | 352,170 | 35,055,428 | $1,580,613 74 |
| Baptist publication society | 1824 | 1,156 | 180,900 | 9,678,482 | 262,597 14 |
| Presbyterian board of publication | 1833 | .... | 689,000 | 4,917,878 | 307,728 02 |
| Protestant Episcopal evangelical knowledge society | 1847 | 382 | ........ | 480,000 | .......... |
| Protestant Episcopal church book society | 1854 | 650 | ........ | ........ | .......... |
| Reformed church board of publication | 1854 | 100 | 6,200 | 200,600 | 12,302 27 |
| New Church (Swedenborgian) tract and publication society | 1863 | 1,000 | 7,957 | 25,235 | .......... |
| Congregational publishing society | 1829 | 1,000 | 140,000 | 1,820,000 | 139,538 99 |
TRACTARIANISM, a movement within the church of England, so called from a series of papers entitled “Tracts for the Times,” published at Oxford from 1833 to 1841. It may be traced to the agitation of Roman Catholic emancipation in parliament, and particularly to the suppression of the sees of the Irish bishops who voted against the reform bill in the house of lords in 1831. An address deprecating change, and urging a revival of the ancient discipline, was presented to the archbishop of Canterbury, signed by 7,000 clergymen; in the following May the king alluded to the movement in his birthday speech; and meetings were held throughout the country in behalf of the maintenance of the church. The sentiments now advocated had been already expressed by the Rev. John Keble in his “Christian Year” (1827), and by the Rev. Hugh James Rose in the “British Magazine.” In July, 1833, a conference was held at Hadleigh, which led to the publication of the “Tracts for the Times.” These were 90 in number, and consisted of extracts from the writings of the ante-Nicene fathers and some later ecclesiastical authorities, and original works by E. B. Pusey, John Keble, Isaac Williams, John Henry Newman, and others. They advocated the doctrines of apostolical succession, baptismal regeneration, the real presence, priestly absolution, the authority of the church, and the value of tradition. The movement culminated in the publication of tract No. 90, which maintained the compatibility of the thirty-nine articles with the doctrines of the Roman Catholic church. This was condemned by the hebdomadal board of Oxford university in 1841, and its author, Dr. Newman, in 1843 resigned his vicarage of St. Mary's, Oxford, and in 1845 entered the Roman Catholic church. In 1843 Dr. Pusey was suspended from the office of university preacher on account of a sermon on the eucharist. The tractarian movement has resulted in the development of high church and ritualistic views, the restoration and building of numerous churches, and the secession of many members of the church of England, including some clergymen of distinction, to the Roman Catholic church. See Perceval, “Collection of Papers” (1842); W. Palmer, "Narrative of Events” (1843); and F. Oakeley, “Historical Notes on the Tractarian Movement” (1865).
TRACTORS, Metallic. See Perkins, Elisha.
TRACY. See Destutt de Tracy.
TRADE MARK, the name, symbol, form, or device used by a manufacturer or merchant to distinguish the merchandise which he produces or sells from that of others, in order that such merchandise may be known as his, and that he may secure the profits arising from its reputation for superiority. Trade marks have long been protected by law, on the general principles of equity, in nearly all civilized countries; but statutes for this purpose are of recent origin. The object of such laws is not only to secure to the individual the fruits of his skill, industry, and enterprise, but also to protect the public against frauds. In the United States trade marks are protected by the statute of 1870, which is the first one passed by congress for this purpose. It does not interfere with the common law protection, which is open to every person independently of the statute. It provides that any person or firm domiciled in the United States, or any corporation created by the law of the United States or of any state, may, by complying with the requirements of the act, obtain protection for any lawful trade mark to which he or it is entitled, for the term of 30 years, with the privilege of a renewed term for the same period. Every applicant must record in the patent office his name, residence, and place of business; the class of merchandise, and the particular description of goods comprised in such class, to which the trade mark has been or is intended to be applied; a description of the mark, with facsimiles thereof and its mode of use; and the length of time, if any, during which it has been used.
