TRAVERSE luna of Travancore corresponds closely with tat of Malabar. The mineral resources are i yet undeveloped ; but salt is made, and there
- e known to be deposits of iron. There are
it few manufactures. Travancore is a Hindoo >rincipality, and Hindoos constitute the largest ind most influential part of the population, but the aboriginal element has been largely won rer to Christianity. This element is most [eminently represented by the Shannar tribe, nong whom three English missionary societies lave labored for many years, until as many as ),000 of them are Christians living in Tin- levelli and Travancore. In North Travancore lere are said to be 250,000 Roman Catholic mverts, under one of the vicariates of south- rn India which originated in the Madura mis- ion. There is a college of high standing at Iri van drum, affiliated with the Madras univer- sity, to which it sent 28 students in 1871. In L872-'3 there were 16 other schools, at which English was taught to 808 pupils, 29 vernacu- schools, and 138 village schools. The rajah laintains an astronomical observatory under the direction of a European astronomer. Many excellent roads and other public works have been constructed, and Travancore is one of the best governed and most prosperous native states in India. In 1872-'3 the total revenue of the government was 957,577, including 165,992 proceeds of the land tax and 130,- 421 from customs, while the total expenditure was but 549,365. About the middle of the 18th century the many chieftains under whom Travancore was formerly parcelled out were subjugated by an ancestor of the present rajah, who ruled till 1799, and who adhered to the British in the war with Tippoo Sultan. In 1795 he entered into a subsidiary alliance with the Bombay government. The subsidy has been increased to 80,000 per annum, and the state is now supervised through the govern- ment of Madras. According to the fundamen- tal Hindoo law of Travancore, the succession to the throne descends only through the female line. The sister of the present rajah, Rama Wurma, died in 1857, and as it was apparent that the line would otherwise become ex- tinct, the British authorities guaranteed him the right of adoption. TRAVERSE, a W. county of Minnesota, sepa- rated from Dakota by the Bois de Sioux or Sioux Wood river and Lake Traverse; area, about 575 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13. It is drained by Mustinka river and other affluents of Lake Traverse. The surface consists chiefly of rolling prairies. The St. Paul and Pacific railroad crosses the N. E. corner. TRAVIS, a central county of Texas, intersected by the Colorado river ; area, about 1,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,153, of whom 4, 647 were colored. The surface is moderately hilly, and the soil very fertile. There is considerable timber. Steamboats ascend the river to Aus- tin, which is also the terminus of a branch of the Houston and Texas Central railroad. TREASON 849 The chief productions in 1870 were 498,710 bushels of Indian corn, 88,210 of sweet pota- toes, 56,792 Ibs. of butter, and 16,769 bales of cotton. There were 6,584 horses, 1,337 mules and asses, 8,952 milch cows, 8,991 working oxen, 30,765 other cattle, 12,013 sheep, and 25,854 swine; 6 manufactories of carriages, 8 of saddlery and harness, 1 of bricks, 2 brew- eries, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Austin, which is also the capital of the state. TREADWELL, Daniel, an American inventor, born in Ipswich, Mass., in 1791, died in Cam- bridge, Feb. 27, 1872. While still young he invented a machine for making wood screws. In 1818 he produced a printing press of a new construction, and went to England in 1819. He there conceived the construction of a pow- er press, which was completed the year after his return, and was widely used. In 1822, in connection with Dr. John Ware, he established and conducted the " Boston Journal of Phi- losophy and the Arts." In 1826 he devised the system of turnouts upon single-track rail- roads. In 1829 he completed the first success- ful machine for spinning hemp for cordage. Works capable of spinning 1,000 tons in a year were erected in Boston in 1831 ; and in 1836 he furnished to the Charlestown navy yard machines for spinning the hemp and cordage for the navy. His circular hackle or lapper has been generally adopted in spinning hemp for coarse cloth. In 1834 he became Rum- ford professor of technology in Harvard col- lege, and held this post till 1845. He devised a method of making cannon of wrought iron and steel, and executed a contract with the government for 12 six-pounders. But his first plan being found too expensive, he improved and simplified it, and described his new meth- od in a memoir before the American academy in 1835. He secured his invention by patent in the United States and in England, and pub- lished an account of it in 1856. It is certain that 18 years before the Armstrong gun was produced in England Treadwell had made his ; and that some years after his English patent had been published Sir William Armstrong produced his gun, formed upon the same plan, and adding thereto rifling and breech loading. TREASON, in general terms, any act of hos- tility against a state, committed by one who owes allegiance to it. There is one important difference in what may be called the form or manifestation of this crime, which seems to constitute a difference in its essence, and has led to some confusion of thought as to the crime itself, and as to the laws or proceedings for its prevention. This difference is between the crime as it may be committed against a monarch or against a republic. Where the power and majesty of a state are embodied in a personal sovereign, there treason against him is treason against the state ; but where the state is not thus impersonated, the treason must be against the state itself, and cannot be committed against any person. The crimen
