862 TREVIRANUS TRIBUNE the Great. Under the Franks it was included in the kingdom of Austrasia, and afterward belonged alternately to Lorraine and Germany, till in the 10th century it was permanently an- nexed to the latter country. Subsequently, under the rule of archbishops, it became with its territory the second German electorate, divided into an upper and lower see, the latter connected with the episcopal capital at Co- blentz. The city of Treves was invested with sovereign rights from 1580 till its occupation by the French in 1794. The whole electorate was in 1797 incorporated with France. In 1814 Treves was annexed to Prussia. The sup- pression of the priests' seminary, Dec. 31, 1873, and the subsequent imprisonment of the bish- op, produced disturbances which were quelled in March, 1874. 1 RK IKAUS. I. Gottfried Reinhold, a German naturalist, born in Bremen, Feb. 4, 1776, died there, Feb. 16, 1837. He studied medicine at Gottingen, and after practising at Bremen be- came in 1797 professor of mathematics in the lyceum of that city." His works include Phy- siologische Fragments (2 vols., Hanover, 1797- '9); Biologic oder Philosophic der lebenden Natur (6 vols., Gottingen, 1802-'22); Erschei- nungen und Gesetze des organischen Lebens (2 vols., Bremen, 1831-'2) ; and with his brother Vermischte Schriften anatomischen und phy- siologischen Inhalts (4 vols., Gottingen and Bremen, 1816-'21). II. Ludolf Christian, a Ger- man botanist, brother of the preceding, born in Bremen, Sept. 10, 1779, died in Bonn, May 6, 1864. He became professor of medicine at Berlin in 1807, of botany and natural history at Rostock in 1812, professor of botany and director of the botanic garden at Breslau in 1816, and afterward at Bonn. He is chiefly known by his Physiologic der Gewachse (2 vols., Bonn, 1835-'9). TREY ISO. I. A N. E. province of Italy, in Yenetia, bordering on the gulf of Venice ; area, 941 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 352,538. It is level, excepting in the north, and is one of the most fertile regions of that part of Italy. The main river is the Piave. The chief products are hemp, flax, grain, wine, and timber. It is divided into the districts of Treviso, Ceneda, Castelfranco, Oderzo, Asolo, Valdobbiadene, Montebellunq, and Conegliano. II. A forti- fied city (anc. Tarvisium), capital of the prov- ince, on the Sile, 15 m. N. N. W. of Venice; pop. in 1872, 28,291. It is the seat of a bishop, and has an unfinished cathedral, with works by Titian and Paul Veronese, a large Gothic church, a celebrated palace of justice, a lyceum, gymnasium, seminary, and academy of science. In the 13th century it was captured and op- pressed by Ezzelino da Romano ; in the 14th it was successively ruled by Francesco della Scala of Verona, by Venice, Austria, and Padua, and was with its territory in the possession of Venice from 1388 till the occupation of the town in 1797 by the French under Mortier, who in 1807 received the title of duke of Tre- viso. It afterward belonged to Austria. In March, 1848, it was taken by the revolutionists, but the Austrians regained it on June 24, after a second bombardment. In 1866 it became part of the kingdom of Italy. TRIADITZA. See SOPHIA. TRIAL. See JURY, and PKOCESS. TRIBONIMtS, a Roman jurist, died A. D. 545. Under Justinian he occupied the offices of quaestor sacri palatii, of magister officiorum, of praetorian prefect, and of consul. He is described as a man of great natural abilities and learning, but avaricious and corrupt. In 528 he was one of the ten commissioners se- lected by the emperor to form his first Codex, and in 530 was placed at the head of the com- mittee to compile the Pandects or digest of Roman laws, which was finished and promul- gated in 533. He at the same time, with two others, compiled the four books of the Insti- tutes of Justinian, published in 533 ; and the second Codex of -that emperor, published in 534, was the work of Tribonianus and four other jurists. (See CIVIL LAW.) TRIBUNE (Lat. tribunm), originally, a Ro- man officer who presided over one of the three tribes, Ramnenses, Titienses, and Luceres. In the long course of Roman history the name came to be applied to various officers with widely different powers and duties. As ori- ginally constituted, the Roman legion consisted of 300 cavalry and 3,000 infantry ; over the cavalry presided an officer called tribunus cele- rum, and over each 1,000 of the infantry a tribunus militum. The tribuni celerum dis- appeared with the overthrow of the monarchy. The office of the tribuni militum continued through the whole course of Roman history, but the manner of their appointment, their num- ber, and their powers and duties were often changed. " Tribunes of the soldiers, with con- sular power," were first chosen in 444 ; and in succeeding years sometimes consuls and some- times tribunes with consular power were cho- sen. In 367 the office was abolished, and there- after only consuls were chosen. The name "tribune of the Servian tribes" is applied by historians to the administrative chiefs of the local tribes which were gradually added to the Roman commonwealth ; it is supposed by Nie- buhr and others that the tribunes of the trea- sury of later times were similar to them. The " tribunes of the people " were the most im- portant of all the officers bearing the name. They were first appointed after the secession of the commonalty to the Mons Sacer, in 494. They were empowered to protect the plebeians against the usurpations of the patrician magis- trates, and their persons were declared sacred and inviolable. They appear to have been originally two in number, and to have been elected for one year by the comitia of the cen- turies. In 471, by the Publilian law, the elec- tion was given to the comitia of the tribes. About the same time the number was increased to five, and from 457 B. C. until the end of
