870 TRINITY TRINITY COLLEGE f erior to the Father ; and of the Macedonians, who denied the personality of the Holy Ghost. The doctrine of the church was fixed by the councils of Nice (325) and Constantinople (381), which declared that the Son and Spirit are coequal with the Father in the divine unity, the Son eternally begotten by the Father, and the Spirit proceeding from the Father. The synod of Toledo (589) declared that the Holy Ghost proceeded also from the Son (filioque), and this addition was finally adopted through- out the Latin church ; but the Greeks, though at first acquiescent and silent, at length pro- tested against this change of the creed as an innovation, and the phrase filioque still re- mains one of the chief hindrances of a reu- nion between the Greek and Roman Catholic churches. The symbolic books of the Lu- theran and Reformed churches retained the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Trinity un- changed; but it has been attacked ever since the 16th century, as contrary to both the Bible and sound reason, by a large number of theologians and by several new denomi- nations, as the Socinians, the German theoso- phists (Weigel, Boehm, &c.), the Unitarians, and the Universalists. Swedenborg referred the Trinity to the person of Christ, teaching a trinity, not of persons, but of the person, by winch he understood that that which is divine in the nature of Christ is the Father, that the divine which is united to the human is the Son, and the divine which proceeds from him is the Holy Spirit. The spread of rationalism in the Lutheran and Reformed churches under- mined for some time the belief in the Trinity among a large number of German theologians. Kant held that Father, Son, and Spirit des- ignate only three fundamental qualities in the Deity, power, wisdom, and love, or three agencies of God, creation, preservation, and government. Hegel and Schelling attempted to give to the doctrine of the Trinity a specu- lative basis ; and after their example the mod- ern dogmatic theology of Germany has in gen- eral undertaken a defence of the doctrine of the Trinity on speculative as well as theologi- cal grounds. Some supranaturalist theologians do not hold the strict doctrine of ecclesiastical orthodoxy, as defined by the councils of Nice and Constantinople, and the view of Sabellius especially has found in modern times many ad- vocates. Exhaustive works on the history of the doctrine of the Trinity have been pub- lished by Baur (Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieiniglceit, Tubingen, 3 vols., 1841-'3) and Meier (Die Lehre von der Trinitat in his- torischer Entwiclcelung, Hamburg, 1844). See also Plodge, " Systematic Theology " (3 vols., New York, 1872-'3). TRINITY. I. An E. county of Texas, bound- ed N. E. by the Neches and S. W. by the Trin- ity river, and drained by several creeks ; area, 945 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,141, of whom 1,084 were colored. The surface is nearly level, and the soil fertile. The Houston and Great North- ern railroad passes through the W. part. The chief productions in 1870 were 94,240 bushels of Indian corn, 31,083 of sweet potatoes, 48,- 260 Ibs. of butter, and 2,205 bales of cotton. There were 1,318 horses, 4,872 milch cows, 10,051 other cattle, 1,694 sheep, and 12,648 swine. Capital, Sumter. II. A N. W. county of California, bounded E. by the Coast range, intersected by the Trinity, and drained by trib- utaries of Eel river; area, 1,800 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,213, of whom 1,099 were Chinese. The surface is generally hilly and in the E. part mountainous, Mt. Linn, the highest peak of the range, lying in the S. E. corner. There are extensive forests of fir, pine, and oak. Gold mining is prosecuted to a considerable extent, and other valuable minerals are found. The chief productions in 1870 were 9,898 bushels of wheat, 5,658 of potatoes, and 1,017 tons of hay. There were 185 horses, 425 milch cows, 1,283 other cattle, 371 swine, and 5 saw mills. Capital, Weaverville. TRINITY. I. A river of Texas, formed by the West fork and Elm fork, which rise near the N. boundary of the state, and, after a course of about 150 m. each, unite in Dallas co., whence the main stream flows in a tortuous but generally S. S. E. direction to the N. ex- tremity of Galveston bay, about 35 m. from Galveston city. Its whole course lies through a valley of great fertility, occupied in part by extensive plantations of corn, cotton, rice, and sugar. The length of the main stream is about 550 m., of which about 250 m. is navigable. II. A river of California, rising in Trinity co., and flowing S. S. E., then S. W., and finally N. W. into the Klamath river, in lat. 41 20' N. It is celebrated for its rich gold mines. TRINITY COLLEGE, an institution of learning in Hartford, Conn., under the control of the Protestant Episcopal church, chartered in 1823 and opened in 1824. Until 1845 its name was Washington college. Its presidents have been : 1824-'31, the Rt. Rev. Thomas C. Brownell, D. D., bishop of Connecticut; 1831-'7, the Rev. N. S. Wheaton, D. D. ; 1837-'48, the Rev. Silas Totten, D.D.; 1848-'53, the Rt. Rev. John Williams, D. D. ; 1853-'60, the Rev. Daniel R. Goodwin, D. D. ; 1861-'4, Samuel Eliot; 1864-'6, the Rt. Rev. J. B. Kerfoot, D. D. ; 1867-'74, the Rev. Abner Jackson, D. D. Dr. Jackson was succeeded by the Rev. T. R. Pynchon, D .D., who still holds the office (1876). In 1872 the college grounds were sold for $600,000, to be used as a site for the new state capitol. Soon afterward the college purchased 78 acres within the city limits, a mile south of the old location. There is now in process of erection here an imposing col- lege structure, in the form of a quadrangle 1,050 ft. long and 376 ft. wide, and enclo- sing three courts containing an aggregate of about four acres. It is in the early Eng- lish style of architecture, with gateways and a noble tower and spire 240 ft. high. It will comprise dormitories for 300 students, recita-
